Outline Early Childhood Caries

Outline Anthropology 311 Research Paper I. Introduction A. Early Childhood Caries and background information and statistics on the disease. B. Early Childhood Caries is a rapid form of dental caries that can affect a child’s self esteem, health, oral and speech development and quality of life. II. Early Childhood Caries – medical/dental definition of disease A. Causes of Early Childhood Caries – complex interaction of the following 1. cultural beliefs 2. behavioral actions (parents responsibility) 3. nutritional intake (parents responsibility) 4. biological factors B. Risk factors for Early Childhood Caries . Primary risk factors: intake of sugars and fermentable carbohydrates, the host and tooth susceptibility, and poor oral hygiene resulting in dental plaque 2. Associated risk factors: bottle feeding especially nocturnal bottle feeding, prolonged breast feeding, lack of parental education, socioeconomic factors, un-fluoridated water III. Effects on childâ€℠¢s self esteem A. Ashamed of appearance of mouth 1. diminished happiness in child ashamed to smile 2. physically child becomes unhappy with themselves B. Taunting by other children . bad breathe, visible decay, missing teeth, visible metal restorations IV. Effects on child’s overall health A. Nutritional issues 1. altered eating habits = less nutrients ingested 2. painful to eat 3. malnutrition B. Chronic infection to body from infected teeth 1. bacterial infection entering child’s blood stream 2. strain on immune system, constant infection harder to heal V. Problems with child’s oral and speech development A. Oral dentition development 1. maintaining space for permanent dentition 2. slow eruption of permanent teeth 3. Possible decay in permanent teeth before they enter mouth B.Speech development 1. delayed speech 2. speech altered due to missing, repaired or painful teeth VI. Child’s Quality of Life A. Physical functioning 1. low body weight 2. failure t o thrive 3. malnutrition – altered eating ability 4. slow growth rate B. social functioning 1. teased by other children for missing or visibly repaired teeth 2. ashamed of teeth VII. Prevention (Preventative measure for ECC are all performed by the parents) A. Educate parents on optimum oral health care B. Fluoride supplements if no fluoride in water C. Immediate brushing after sugary food intake D. Improve nutrition for childVII. Conclusion: Consequences will continue long after decay is treated. A. Reiteration of the main points in my research paper accompanied by my opinion on the subject matter. References Acharya, S. , & Tandon, S. (2011). The effect of early childhood caries on the quality of life of children and their parents. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 2(2), 98-101. DOI: 10. 4103/0976-237X. 83069 Kagihara, L. E. , Niederhauser, V. P. , & Stark, M. (2009). Assessment, management, and prevention of early childhood caries. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse P ractitioners, 21, 1-10.DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1745-7599. 2008. 00367. x Manski, M. C. , & Parker, M. E. (2010). Early childhood caries: Knowledge, attitudes, and practice behaviors of Maryland dental hygienists. The Journal of Dental Hygiene, 84(4), 190-195. Retrieved from http://www. adha. org Marrs, J. , Trumbley, S. , & Malik, G. (2011). Early childhood caries: Determining the risk factors and assessing the prevention strategies for nursing intervention. Pediatric Nursing Journal, 37(1), 9-15. Retrieved from http://www. pediatricnursing. net Mayo Clinic Staff, (2011). Cavities/tooth decay.Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. com Nuzzolese, E. , Lepore, M. M. , Montagna, F. , Marcario, V. , De Rosa, S. , Solarino, B. , & Di Vella, G. (2009). Child abuse and dental neglect: The dental team’s role in identification and prevention. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 7, 96-100. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1601-5037. 2008. 00324. x Plutzer, K. , & Keirse, M. J. N. C. (2010). Incidence an d prevention of early childhood caries in one- and two-parent families. Child: care, health and development, 37(1), 5-10. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2214. 2010. 01114. x Thikkurissy, S. & Hague, A. (2008). Assessing risk and reducing dental disease in the youngchild. Access,pgs. 21-27. Retrieved from http://www. adha. org/access-magazine Wagner, R. (2008). Are you missing the diagnosis of the most common chronic disease of childhood?. Contemporary Pediatrics, 25(9), 60-79. Retrieved from http://www. contemporarypediatrics. com Zafar, S. , Harnekar, S. Y. , & Siddiqi, A. (2009). Early childhood caries: etiology, clinical considerations, consequences and management. International Dentistry SA, 11(4), 24-36. Retrieved from http://www. moderndentistrymedia. com

College Is A Waste of Time and Money Essay

Maybe it’s my age or my personality, but I really haven’t enjoyed many of the stories that we have had to read. To me, there is an extreme amount of negativity in them, especially in the titles. I think it would have been more interesting and relevant to read a current article on this subject, and not something written in 1975. While the basics are still in play, there have been a lot of changes over the years. The most notable difference would be the demographics that make up today’s student body. As an older, non-traditional student, I don’t consider it a waste of time or money, and I don’t think many others feel that way. There are so many people who would love to go to college, but are unable to for some reason. Although, I’m not familiar with how young people look at college today, I think a significant number likely look forward to the opportunity. I do agree with many of Ms. Birds findings. I don’t believe anyone should be force d to go to college. It should be entirely up to each individual. We still see many parents pushing their kids to continue their education, and often for good reason, but if the child doesn’t want to go, it should be their decision. At the age of 18, many are too young and confused, and don’t know what they want to do with their life. It’s also nice to have a break after 13 years of school. We will always have kids who will rebel, just for the sake of rebelling. I think a main cause of this for many students is too much pressure. They have all these standards to live up to, whether it comes from their parents, their siblings, other family members, or society. Some may take that rebellious attitude because they have trouble learning, and they don’t want anyone to know. They would prefer to look like a rebel than to look like a retard. I also agree with the lack of quality teachers, and being required to take many classes that have nothing at all to do with your major. A couple of years ago, I had an in-class accounting teacher who just read to us from the book. I’m thinking I’m coming here and paying for someone to read to me, I can read all by myself, I am looking for someone to teach me. My main focus is getting a degree, but I also truly enjoy learning. I definitely agree with her on college being too expensive. I think she would be shocked to see today’s prices, and I would be very interested to know what textbooks and tuition cost in her day. The kids back  then had some fear of campus violence. But horrors, like the Kent State shooting, were not the norm. Today, we are always seeing campus shootings. Although these seem to have become a way of life and can happen anywhere, it’s still quite scary for the students and may actually have the opposite effect of parents wanting to send their kids off to college. It also seems that hazing has gotten out of control on our campuses. Unfortunately, there is just such an overwhelming hatefulness in our world. There is another factor that may play into a lack of desire to go on to college. They can look at the many success stories of people who didn’t go to college, some who never even completed high school. These folks used hard work to become millionaires and billionaires. I think some people are more successful because of their charismatic personalities, which has nothing to do with their ability or their intelligence. The article I have included with my essay bot h contradicts and agrees with Ms. Birds perceptions. The traditional white male students must feel that college is a waste of time and money, but they are in the minority.

Embryo research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Embryo research - Essay Example (Singer) Hwang and his colleagues states that they exchanged the nucleus of unfertilized egg of a human for the nucleus of an ordinary cell, taken from another human, and created the lines made of stem cells from an embryo that appeared as the result. These stem cells coincidedwith the DNA of the man who provided an ordinary cell. This experiment demonstrated that it is now possible to give a cell or a tissue to a person, and they will not be rejected by the organism, having been cloned from them. (Singer) The experiments of Hwang haven't been completed. However, he assumed that definite problems might occur. He insisted on the legitimacy of his work, confessing that there may be errors in the lines of stem cells. He also confessed that few cells could be damaged. At any rate, the scientists consider this be one of the most significant discoveries in medicine and biology. Of course, experiments and researches are needed, but the results will significantly change the whole medical practice. (Robertson) But ethical background of this invention is discussed by many scientists. It shows that the potential of human life is included into each cell of our organism, and this would change the discussion about the value of a human life.

Analysis of the Effect of the Recession on Hypermarket Retailing Essay

Analysis of the Effect of the Recession on Hypermarket Retailing Industry in Brazil - Essay Example The economic reviews of Brazil’s retail industry out that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rates are cumulatively increasing year by year. The practice of consolidation of the hypermarket retail industry has been continuing but in general, the hypermarket remains comparatively fragmented, representing substantial span for the big players to develop their market strength in future. The leading 3 market players are controlling the hypermarket retail industry in Brazil; they are Pao de Acucar, Carrefour, and Wal-Mart. Other players are leading through acquisition. The recession affects the revenue of sales and the decline of the profit in the retail industry, Recession is defined as "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real gross domestic product (GDP), real income, employment, industrial production and wholesale-retail sales" (What causes a recession? 2012). In this study, the recession affects the business of hypermarket retailing industry. Recession affects various aspects of business such as the purchasing power of consumers, buying behavior, and the income disposable level of people has increased significantly. There are many other factors that contribute to the fall in economy's into a recession, but inflation is the major reason for recession. â€Å"Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services† (All about Inflation 2012). Inflation indicates the general increase in the price of products and services over time period. The rate of inflation is higher; the consumers purchase lower percentage goods and services with the same price. The time of recession affects the hypermarket industry in Brazil; the major players of hypermarket industry in Brazil are Pao de Acucar, Carrefour and Wal-Mart. Recession mainly affects these companies because they are retail stores. â€Å"The ec onomic crisis makes low-price concepts particularly adapted, and all three international retailers can potentially benefit from this trend. Expansion in Brazil is still ongoing and a strategic focus for all three groups† (Carrefour, Casino and Wal-Mart’s Expansion Strategies in Latin America 2012). Hypermarkets provide durable and non-durable goods. The retail industry of Brazil is segmented in three parts, they are Grocery Retail Non-Grocery Retail Non-Store retail These three categories are the main drivers of Brazil’s retail industry. The retailing of grocery is at a constant growth, and has gained its sustainability to the growing people who belong to low income group. The hypermarkets and large retailers are focusing on grocery, and also investing on the non-grocery items such as foot wears, fashion clothing, and sundries. The retailer’s Wallmart and Carrefour focus on developing personal labels for their own clothing brands and footwear. The Recessio n Impact of Retail Industry: â€Å"A recession normally takes place when consumers lose confidence in the growth of the economy and spend less, this leads to a decreased demand for goods and services, which in turn leads to a decrease in production, lay-offs and a sharp rise in unemployment† (Malik & Pandit 2012). The impact of recession in retail industry will decrease the proper demand and also enforces stress on the prices, and leads to the absence of price-war in the retail market. To keep the consumers, the

Comparison and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison and Contrast - Essay Example These animals are similar in terms of origin, physical features and uses. Donkeys and horses both came from the same descendants: scientific genus Equus. Although they are not perfectly identical genetically, they both indulge in no different activities. Because of their similarity in terms of genes and physical features, it is plausible for them to mate and interbreed. In fact, the offspring of this unique breeding is called a mule. In addition, donkeys and horses have very similar habits. They are both highly active physically with horses considered to be just a little more vigorous and faster than donkeys. From the outside, both animals look considerably alike. Both stand with four legs and possess an extended hairy tail on its back, tresses along their necks, and elongated ears. Although they vary [Student’s Last Name] 2 in size in general, horses and donkeys both possess bulky body built, which make them perfect for pack chores and absolutely not well suited to live indoo rs. And yet another similarity is their use by humans. Since the time of Jesus Christ or even long before that, donkeys and horses are already used for transportation purposes. They are extensively used for distant travel and in carrying heavy loads that humans could not normally carry. And because of their heavy built, many pheasants use them for farming reasons. Donkeys and horses are wonderful creatures. It does not really matter whether they are similar in terms of origin, physical feature, or uses; both animals should be treated with care and respect just like what most humans relish. Even though both make for excellent pack animals because of their built, it should not be the only reason for them to walk this earth. II Love and hatred are like oil and water, they don’t mingle. But the motivation that lulls behind each of them leads someone to either lofty triumphs or a dead end. In movies like Rush Hour and Fighting Club, something has to be learned: a person can decide how he would discern things and how he would respond. He may choose to merge with love or to usher hatred. In the movie Fighting Club, the Narrator emphasized, though subtly, the importance of unity – not just unity with others but unity with one’s self. If we love ourselves, we learn to love others. Why love? Love begets every wonderful thing in the world. With love, one learns to respect not just his own self but also others. With love, one learns to value health, soundness of mind, rest, and Divine connection. The absence of love could be a focal point of disaster. [Student’s Last Name] 3 On the other hand, in the movie Rush Hour, an array of unwarranted slaughters is detailed. People are stuck in a rut of hatred and passion for revenge. The movie showed the consequences of abhorrence. In the realm of darkness and animosity, one can only hope to change but in there, good things are never to be seen. The beginning of hatred is the beginning of a downfall. The re must be nothing like choosing between love and hatred. If someone can choose to give love, why choose hatred. In a context of marriage and family, the one that binds the family together is respect, understanding, and care but above everything else is love. III Dogs and snakes are wonderful creatures. Their existence did not come as a supplement or a mere embellishment to the world. They aid in sustaining balance in our ecosystem: dogs are naturally borne

SS402B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

SS402B - Essay Example tion procedures to be followed, procedures of assessment reporting, requirement documenting, confidentiality, procedures of recording, policies and procedures for continuous improvement, assessment cost, links with industrial system relations, link with quality management system, procedures of assessment appeal, policies in support of grievances of candidates, and arrangement s of partnership. In order to test and tag the electrical equipment to be used for assessment, there are a number of steps that shall be followed to ensure that this is done appropriately. First, the assessor will identify the equipment that needs to be tested then have them recorded in the register of electrical testing. The technical assistant needs to have calibrated the equipment within at least twelve months. Secondly the assessor would take a risk assessment of the equipment to find out the relevant testing frequency. The time frames for the equipment would also be set. A person who is competent would be engaged in the equipment testing. Thirdly, the tags and grant for electrical testing should be provided to the sites so as to help in the portable electrical equipment testing. The number of host sites would be identified, and resourced by testing tags and testing appliances. The training would then be organized for the electrical testers that are nominated. Fourthly, the individual sites would engage the trained staff members to take part in the testing. This trained staff member contacts the host sites so as to make an arrangement of access to the tags and testing equipments. From the hazard assessment and evaluation of risks in the work place of the assessment candidates, there were different types of breaches in the health and safety of the site. The common breaches found were that key precautions of the site were missing. The edge protection for the prevention of falls from a given height was missing managers of the site were poorly trained, the workers on the site had no

A Journal Review of the American Historical Review Assignment

A Journal Review of the American Historical Review - Assignment Example Since the mid 1995, the journal has had many publications handling issues of global concern. The issues handled depict many developments in different fields. The journals explore the fields of commerce, science, numbers, history and even religion. The journal has had many developments, issues and diversities concerning the occurrences in the world. In February1995, the American review journal handled issues on race, discrimination and racism in the US. Race is an exceedingly sensitive issue that affects many people around the globe. In the US, racism was one of the issues affecting the US. Racism is inequitable treatment directed to people with prejudice on the coloration of their skin. The journal was trying to sensitize the US about the need for treating all people equally. Therefore, the journal served as a revelation to the citizens of the US. In April the 1995, the journal further explored on the issues of gender in Gilberto. It explained that gender did not have to be a basis f or people to treat people with favor. This is because no person chose his gender. During the month of August the 1995, the journal publicized issues on democracy. It explained that all persons and states had the right to democracy .This meant that they could act without fear of intimidation by any person. During the same month, the publication handled the issue of Equality. It insisted that all persons ought to endure fair treatment regardless of their color and origin. As time went by, more publications talking about diverse topics hit the headlines. The publication of February the 1996, spoke about the topic of literature. The publication gave a detailed analysis of literature by explaining about the origin of literature. The origin explained about the history facing the world of literature. The fact that the journal could handle different topics revealed the developments evident in the journal. The journal has developments in handling different matters apart from the ones in its first years of publication. These developments show that the journal keeps abreast with emerging issues in the world. This is meant to show that the world is dynamic and that the issues posted in the American Journal keep changing. Still on the year 1996, the American journal review talked about the reason as to why the Indians were red. This topic touched on the topic of mythology and delusions. The journal criticized the idea that the world was full of misconceptions and that many people were living on a lie. The journal insisted that the Americans were in another century where myths and misconceptions were unheard of. Other topics discussed there after included such things as the issue of missionaries. This was during the 1997 when many missionaries spread across the globe in order to spread the gospel. The missionaries were said to be people who had different objectives. One of the objectives was that they wanted to instill western culture to the people living in the regions tha t they visited. The American review journal discussed the topic of missionary activities with a lot of intensity. The journal also explained that missionaries explored different countries with the aim of paving way for the colonizers. This is because the missionaries brought many developments in the areas that they went to carry out their work. The American review journal of the August 1997 dealt with the issue of imperialism. Imperialism referred to the activities of acquiring territories around the globe.

Defense in a Criminal Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Defense in a Criminal Case - Essay Example Despite the many perceptions to uphold the insanity mechanisms as a form of defense, defendants hardly enter pleas of being not guilty. After examining the defendant, the psychiatrist produces the testimony to the judge or magistrate who determines the verdict (Mariorty, 2001). However, freedom is not ultimately earned when the judge determine that the accused is not guilty rather a further consideration on the favor of the defendant usually affect the sentence if administered. The defendant is directed to a mental hospital until the allegation of insanity is medically proved, which requires time and may give the convict a chance to escape from the law. Defendant in some instances pretends to be hostile. The main purpose of pretense is to prove to the judge that the defendant is not guilty. In some instances, the defense works when proven by a psychiatrist appointed by the court. As a result, the defendant must ensure that the psychiatrist report is positive about his or her insanity contrary to which the offender faces the full

Annie, Poured from Maple Syrup by Edward Ruscha Essay

Annie, Poured from Maple Syrup by Edward Ruscha - Essay Example The essay "Annie, Poured from Maple Syrup by Edward Ruscha" discovers "Annie, Poured from Maple Syrup", the painting of Edward Ruscha. Art is some form of expression of a feeling, a dream, an insight, a revelation, a suspicion or a mental picture. All these words have been applied to show the contrasting nature of art, meant to indicate that art is a complex aspect, which is not a single-dimensional perspective where everyone will look at the piece of art and immediately develop its meaning, why it was created and the message it delivers. On the contrary, art is a complex form that requires more indulgence to understand the meaning, and thus explains why it can be interpreted in very conflicting terms, because it is a matter of personal understanding and interpretation, rather than a universal knowledge. In the Annie, Poured from Maple Syrup, 1966, it is not easy to just tell what informed the creation of this work of art. While the general idea is that it is an overflow of maple syr up that develops a word, the question that arises out of it is; why Annie and not any other word? Again, the other question that counters this one is, why not Annie? The complexity in interpretation of this work of art points to the assertion by Benedetto Croce, who â€Å"denies, above all, that art is a physical fact†. Applying this assertion proves the point that this artwork is not a representation of a physical fact, since if it were, then it could be very easy for all the audience to interpret the message of the artwork.

The Origin of Theatre Essay Example for Free

The Origin of Theatre Essay â€Å"It is unlikely that anyone will ever know just how theatre emerged† (Grose Kenworthy, 1985: 3). Though there is little certain evidence, strong indications, scattered throughout our history, point to theatre finding its origins in the ancient rituals of shamanism. One might argue that theatre finds its origins quite clearly in ancient Greek theatre seeing as they have many written and still surviving plays and strong standing theatres, but George Freedley (1941) would argue otherwise. The oldest records of plays, stage directions and possibly even scripts are found not in ancient Greece but in Egypt, and they date back till as early as 4000 B. C. in examples of drama such as the Pyramid Texts (Freedley, 1941: 2). We can even directly link Egyptian and Greek performance by noting that a historian of the theatre, Herodotus, recorded â€Å"the religious festivals and the origin of the worship of Dionysos(sic) which was later to be transferred to the dramatic festivals in Greece† (Freedley, 1941: 1). This suggests that theatre as we know it actually finds its roots in ancient Egyptian festivals and dramas preformed in celebration of the gods. A common element seen in both Egyptian and Greek culture, be it on stage or not, is the ritualistic nature of their performances. This fact suggests that the origin of their version of performance and theatre is found in ritual and its significant role in society. â€Å" the earliest information about the presence of such drama comes from the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, most notably Egypt† (Grose Kenworthy, 1985: 6). As the quote suggests, ritual as a means of drama is found all over the world, but clearly not in the same form as ancient Greek and Egyptian theatre. Therefore, one must look for other examples of ritualistic practises and performance in the world that predate even these ancient cultures. Left is but one known possible source from which theatre may have evolved; shamanism. To add, there are many similarities between recorded and modern theatre, and shamanistic ritual and the belief itself. Firstly, the definition of  Shamanism is: Shamanism can be defined as a family of traditions whose practitioners focus on voluntarily entering altered states of consciousness in which they experience themselves or their spirit(s), travelling to other realms at will, and interacting with other entities in order to serve their community (Walsh, 1990: 15). Further more, it is also important to note that shamanism is not a religion which adheres to specific rules of practise, it is rather a method used to interact with the spirit world (Harner, cited in Walsh, 1982: 12). For this reason we can at least theorise that shamanism and its traits, however few in common, may be the inspiration for later religious and/or non-religious beliefs and customs involving forms of theatre and performance. Greek theatre for example shares many similar traits with shamanism as seen in the following quote: In all three types of drama, tragedy, satyr plays and comedy, the actors were heavily disguised, much more than in the modern theatre. This was due not only to the fact that the female roles were played by men, but ultimately had its roots in religion. A complete disguise was the external sign that the actor had given up his own identity in honour of the god, in order to let another being speak and act through him. Dionysus, for whom the dramas were preformed, was the god of ecstasy. The word á ¼â€ÃŽ ºÃÆ'Ï„Î ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹Ãâ€š means ‘standing outside oneself’; in other words the renunciation of individuality. An important medium for this in all three drama types was the mask. Simon, 1972: 10) When compared to shamanism we see that, as in ancient Greek theatre, the use of attire other than the common dress of the shaman was thought to be essential in the rituals they preformed. Whether the ritualistic costume is extreme clothing or even ritualistic nudity (as in the case of the Eskimo shamans), the important point is that whilst a shaman is wearing his everyday clothing, the experience will not take p lace (Eliade, 1964: 146). We also see that the trance-like state achieved allows for the shaman/performer to channel spirits so that they may communicate and act through him, however this does not necessarily mean that the subject is ‘possessed’. Although shamans are thought to be capable of allowing and inducing the possession of their bodies by spirits, their dealings with spirits primarily involve them ‘wielding’ the spirits with which they are dealing (Eliade, 1964: 15). Lastly, the ancient Greek dramas were performed in honour of the god Dionysus, the god of ecstasy. This is important to note as shamanistic practises are defined by the ecstatic experience a shaman induces as he engages in a trance through which his soul ‘journeys’ and leaves his body so that he may communicate with the spirits (Eliade, 1964: 15). In relation to modern theatre, shamans are known to have undergone not dissimilar training from modern day actors and performers in order to acquire many of the same abilities which are commonly used in theatrical performance. In order to induce the altered state desired shamans have been known to use techniques such as singing, dancing, and drumming (Walsh, 1990: 142). Shamans have even been described as â€Å"singers, magicians, actors and ventriloquists† (Thurn, cited in Narby Huxley, 2001: 43). Though the training a shaman endures is much more demanding and can even be physically damaging, such as when using techniques like self-induced vomiting, feigning nervous fits, and fainting (Levi-Strauss, cited in Walsh, 1972: 102-103), there is still a clear similarity in the level of discipline required of shamans and modern day performers to master their craft. The act of transformation, the ritualistic dress, the rigorous training, and the natural skill required to become a shaman are all traits which we today link to theatre and what is required of its performers, providing a strong indication that shamanism is indeed where it all started. Trying to search further back than this leaves one with little more to work with than what one might all ‘educated guesses’ as to what may have sparked its creation. A popular theory is that theatrical actions were the means by which we communicated before language had sufficiently developed as to convey detailed messages to one-another. As language became a human tool, early nomadic societies were still concerned with the needs of survival. Theatrical elements entered into the conveying of these needs among members of the group itself (Grose Kenworthy, 1985: 4). This theory can of course not be tested or proven, but nor can it be isproven, and therefore it holds weight relative to the view point of the researcher. The origins of theatre are hard to trace, as the pieces evidence to suggest where it truly came from are few and far between. However, based on accounts which have survived through history such as those mentioned above, and the clear similarities between Shamanism, shamanistic ritual and the theatre throughout history, it becomes clear that Shamanism is the most likely origin of theatre as we know it today.

Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF)

Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) INTRODUCTION OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND Overview Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) is one of Indias leading Mutual Funds, with Average Assets Under Management (AAUM) of Rs. 1,22,252 CRORES and an investor base of over 72.40 Lacs. (AAUM and investor count as of November 2009) For its 7.3 million investors, RMF offers a well-rounded portfolio of products that meet varying requirements. They are served from offices across 226 locations in India, offices in Dubai, Singapore, Mauritius and UK Reliance Mutual Fund, a part of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, is one of the fastest growing mutual funds in the country. RMF offers investors a well-rounded portfolio of products to meet varying investor requirements and has presence in 118 cities across the country. Reliance Mutual Fund constantly endeavors to launch innovative products and customer service initiatives to increase value to investors. Reliance Mutual Fund schemes are managed by Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited., a subsidiary of Reliance Capital Limited, which holds 93.37% of the paid-up capital of RCAM, the balance paid up capital being held by minority shareholders. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services. Sponsor: Reliance Capital Limited Trustee: Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited Investment Manager or Asset Manager: Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited Statutory Details: The Sponsor, the Trustee and the Investment Manager are incorporated under the Companies Act 1956. Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) has been established as a trust under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 with Reliance Capital Limited (RCL), as the Settlor/Sponsor and Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited (RCTCL), as the Trustee. RMF has been registered with the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) vide registration number MF/022/95/1 dated June 30, 1995. The name of Reliance Capital Mutual Fund has been changed to Reliance Mutual Fund effective 11th. March 2004 vide SEBIs letter no. IMD/PSP/4958/2004 date 11th. March 2004. Reliance Mutual Fund was formed to launch various schemes under which units are issued to the Public with a view to contribute to the capital market and to provide investors the opportunities to make investments in diversified securities The main objectives of the Trust are: To carry on the activity of a Mutual Fund as may be permitted at law and formulate and devise various collective Schemes of savings and investments for people in India and abroad and also ensure liquidity of investments for the Unit holders; To deploy Funds thus raised so as to help the Unit holders earn reasonable returns on their savings and To take such steps as may be necessary from time to time to realize the effects without any limitation. Risk Factors: Mutual Funds and securities investments are subject to market risks and there is no assurance or guarantee that the objectives of the Scheme will be achieved. As with any investment in securities, the NAV of the Units issued under the Scheme can go up or down depending on the factors and forces affecting the capital markets. Past performance of the Sponsor/AMC/Mutual Fund is not indicative of the future performance of the Scheme. The Sponsor is not responsible or liable for any loss resulting from the operation of the Scheme beyond their initial contribution of Rs.1 lakh towards the setting up of the Mutual Fund and such other accretions and additions to the corpus. The NAV of the Scheme may be affected, interalia, by changes in the market conditions, interest rates, trading volumes, settlement periods and transfer procedures. The Mutual Fund is not assuring that it will make periodical dividend distributions, though it has every intention of doing so. All dividend dist ributions are subject to the availability of distributable surplus in the Scheme. Vision Statement To be a globally respected wealth creator with an emphasis on customer care and a culture of good corporate governance Mission Statement To create and nurture a world-class, high performance environment aimed at delighting our customers Corporate Governance Corporate Governance Policy: Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. has a vision of being a leading player in the Mutual Fund business and has achieved significant success and visibility in the market. However, an imperative part of growth and visibility is adherence to Good Conduct in the marketplace. At Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., the implementation and observance of ethical processes and policies has helped us in standing up to the scrutiny of our domestic and international investors. Management: The management at Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is committed to good Corporate Governance, which includes transparency and timely dissemination of information to its investors and unit holders. The Board of Directors of RCAM is a professional body, including well-experienced and knowledgeable Independent Members. Regular Audit Committee meetings are conducted to review the operations and performance of the company. Employees: Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. has at present, a code of conduct for all its officers. It has a clearly defined prohibition on insider trading policy and regulations. The management believes in the principles of propriety and utmost care is taken while handling public money, making proper and adequate disclosures. All personnel at Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd are made aware of their rights, obligations and duties as part of the Dealing Policy laid down in terms of SEBI guidelines. They are taken through a well-designed HR program, conducted to impart work ethics, the Code of Conduct, information security, Internet and e-mail usage and a host of other issues. One of the core objectives of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is to identify issues considered sensitive by global corporate standards, and implement policies/guidelines in conformity with the best practices as an ongoing process. Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes: Equity/Growth Schemes The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an option depending on their preferences. The investors must indicate the option in the application form. The mutual funds also allow the investors to change the options at a later date. Growth schemes are good for investors having a long-term outlook seeking appreciation over a period of time. Debt/Income Schemes The aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations in equity markets. However, opportunities of capital appreciation are also limited in such funds. The NAVs of such funds are affected because of change in interest rates in the country. If the interest rates fall, NAVs of such funds are likely to increase in the short run and vice versa. However, long term investors may not bother about these fluctuations. Sector Specific Schemes These are the funds/schemes which invest in the securities of only those sectors or industries as specified in the offer documents. e.g. Pharmaceuticals, Software, Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Petroleum stocks, etc. The returns in these funds are dependent on the performance of the respective sectors/industries. While these funds may give higher returns, they are more risky compared to diversified funds. Investors need to keep a watch on the performance of those sectors/industries and must exit at an appropriate time. They may also seek advice of an expert. Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are usually passively managed mutual fund schemes tracking a benchmark index and reflect the performance of that index. These schemes are listed on the stock exchange and therefore have the flexibility of trading like a share on the stock exchange. It can also be looked as a security that tracks an index, a commodity or a basket of assets like an index fund, but trades like a stock on an exchange, thus experiencing price changes throughout the day as it is bought and sold. Fixed Maturity Plans (FMPs) Fixed Maturity Plans (FMPs) are basically debt oriented investment schemes with a pre-specified tenure offered by mutual funds. FMPs invest in a portfolio of debt instruments whose maturity coincides with the maturity of the concerned FMP. The primary objective of a FMP is to generate income while aiming to protect the capital by investing in a portfolio of debt and money market securities. Since FMPs are available with several maturity options, one can invest in the relevant plan depending upon his investment horizon and the requirement of cash flows. Interval Fund / Fixed Maturity Plan Reliance Interval Fund (A Debt Oriented Interval Scheme): The investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund Plan C (A close-ended scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the scheme with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A close-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the scheme with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Portfolio management services: Overview Reliance Portfolio Management Services is an exclusive offering from the portfolio management division of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Capital Ltd., Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is also the investment manager for Reliance Mutual Fund schemes wherein it manages assets worth over Rs. 42,200 crores (as on Feb 28, 2007) Reliance Portfolio Management Services is a premium financial service, offering innovative exclusive products through discretionary advisory services. Our expertise has earned the trust of thousands of high net-worth individual/ institutional investors and created a family that is constantly growing. Reliance Portfolio Management Services can conduct your investments with true finesse coupled with passion and innovation. Reliance Portfolio Management Services is a part of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Capital Ltd. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services Organizational philosophy When it comes to managing investments what one needs is the fine harmony and the scale of an orchestra. Essentially, this translates to a special kind of skill that understands the finer nuances and appreciates the subtle notes. Only then can the instrumentation deliver a consistently enhanced performance. Now, you can get that kind of superior orchestration for your investment portfolio. Introducing Reliance Portfolio Management Services (Reliance PMS), a premium financial offering for select investors. An exclusive service, where a diligent team of talented professionals with diverse skill sets orchestrate your investments to deliver optimum returns. And a consistently laudable performance. Investmant philosophy A rich canvas of melodies.. At Reliance PMS you can expect a multitude of innovative investment options to serve varying investment objectives. The spectrum of asset classes traverses from the traditional asset classes, such as equities, fixed income or gold, to emerging ones, such as structured products or realty. Their Aim: To traverse the journey of your wealth creation with you by leveraging these asset options. They constantly endeavor to deliver competitive returns through a conservative and a diligent fund management framework, that is supported by rigorous analysis and a proven investment methodology The keynotes to perfection Minimizing Risks, Optimizing Gains All great scores being with a plan. To make beautiful music and surpass all expectations. Their strategy is quite similar. An increasing investor base is a reflection of the trust that investors repose in us, which we respect. Hence the safety of our investors assets is of utmost priority and this is the foundation of our investment philosophy. At Reliance PMS, they view every portfolio with the diligence of a musician composing a new score. Fine-tuning. Enhancing. Improving. Constantly working towards superior orchestration of your portfolio. Naturally, this is only possible if the foundation is sound. Strong investments, pure harmonies what we believe in Strong melodies call for a fine conductor. Reliance Portfolio Management Services can conduct your investments with utmost perfection. Our investment beliefs form the core of what we do. Our foundation is based on five key elements: Canvas, Concentration, Cash and Flexibility, Customisation and Customer Service. And it is with this rock solid base that we plan a fine crescendo for your investments Reliance PMS advantage: you As a Reliance PMS customer, we get a lot more than just superior portfolio management. We get the advantage of a solid and reputable track record backed by the expertise of a sound and stable investment team. Their philosophy lays considerable emphasis on an intensive research based, bottom-up, stock picking approach with a bias towards customizing the product offerings for our investors and business associates. They strongly believe that our investments should be adaptable enough to succeed in any market situation. Which is why our investment philosophy revolves around a solid bottom-up approach. So its true, when you invest with Reliance PMS, its certain that you will have all your investments in perfect sync. The composers score fund management Process All great scores begin with a plan. To make beautiful music and surpass all expectations. Their process is quite similar. All potential investment opportunities are subjected to extensive research, which includes analysis of various macro and micro economic indicators, related to specific sector company and or industry. This coupled with company visits and extensive interaction facilitates a data pool, which becomes the foundation of the process. Following are various services or investment schemes offered by Reliance Portfolio Management: 1). Absolute freedom option: This investment option is a highly flexible one with a very direct focus. To make the most of investment openings across a wide gamut of large cap, mid cap and small cap stocks. The aim of this product is to deliver positive absolute returns. It plans to do this by focusing on research based value investing to cover potentially investment-worthy companies. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 2). Large cap option: This portfolio model endeavors to generate capital appreciation by investing in companies drawn primarily from the Top 250 companies. These companies are ranked on the basis of market capitalization. The focus over here is on companies with a proven track record and a favorable medium to long-term outlook. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 3). Small Mid cap option: Capital appreciation through bottom up stock picking is of priority here with a special emphasis on the small and mid-cap space. Incisive and keen research is the backbone of this product. A dedicated research team will initiate portfolio building by discovering businesses that are relatively new and less tracked. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 4). Concentrated option: The investment objective of concentrated option is to achieve long term capital appreciation from equity and equity related investments. This investment option endeavors to invest disproportionate corpus in large and mid cap high growth companies that would be able to compound wealth over medium to long term. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount: Resident Indian: Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Tranche 1: INR 50 Lacs Tranche 2: INR 25 Lacs* Tranche 3: INR 25 Lacs* Non Resident Indian: INR 1 Crores 5). Emerging sector opportunity option: The Trinity Option which is a part of Emerging Sector Opportunity Option shall invest in a combination of sectors in order to cater to specific investor requirements and market conditions. The Trinity Series will look at investment opportunities in Natural Resources, Infrastructure Capital Goods and Financial Services. The Trinity Series offer the investors an opportunity to be part of the emerging sectors which would be the engines of growth and key drivers of the Indian economy Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 1 Crores Fixed income schemes under portfolio management services: All Season Debt Shield Aggressive Returns Option: A highly flexible investment option, which offers a diversified investment portfolio across ratings and the yield curve. Fixed Maturity Option: A relatively protective investment option with investments predominantly locked for the duration of the scheme. In certain scenarios, there might be partial redemption allowed, without a significant impact on the portfolio returns. Liquidity Option: The underlying tone of this investment option is to essentially provide the investors with superior returns as compared to traditional open-ended money market schemes. Blended Debt Plus Best of Funds Option Under this option, investments shall be made in units of different mutual funds. This option is designed to achieve even greater diversification than traditional mutual funds. Structured products solution: Structured Products are Investment instruments that combine at least one derivative with assets such as equity and fixed income securities. Such products are fast emerging as an alternate asset class among HNI/ Institutional investors providing opportunities that capture potential upsides of the equity universe with capital protection. Customized solutions: At Reliance PMS believe in delivering more than what the customer expects, customized solutions are just a step towards it. Customized solutions are investments specially created to meet needs that cannot be met from the standardized financial instruments available in the market. Customized solutions capture the characteristics of traditional and nontraditional investments with financial instruments. The strategic combination of these components provides control and flexibility to address those investors whose investment objective is not met through traditional investments available. AMC (Asset Management Company) of Reliance Mutual fund: A company that invests its clients pooled fundinto securities that match its declared financial objectives. Asset management companies provide investors with more diversification and investing options than they would have by themselves. Mutual funds, hedge funds andpension plans are all run by asset management companies. These companies earn income by charging service fees to their clients. AMCs offer their clients more diversificationbecause they have a larger pool of resources than the individual investor.Pooling assets together and paying out proportional returns allows investors to avoid minimum investment requirements often required when purchasing securities on their own,as well as the ability toinvest in a larger set of securities with a smaller investment AMC has to discharge mainly three functions as under: Taking investment decisions and making investments of the funds through market dealer/brokers in the secondary market securities or directly in the primary capital market or money market instruments Realize fund position by taking account of all receivables and realizations, moving corporate actions involving declaration of dividends,etc to compensate investors for their investments in units; and Maintaining proper accounting and information for pricing the units and arriving at net asset value (NAV), the information about the listed schemes and the transactions of units in the secondary market. AMC has to feed back the trustees about its fund management operations and has to maintain a perfect information system. Structure of AMC: RCAM has been appointed as the Asset Management Company of Reliance Mutual Fund by The Trustee vide Investment Management Agreement (IMA) dated May 12, 1995 and executed between Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited and Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. and amended on August 12, 1997 in line with SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996). Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd.(RCAM) is an unlisted Public Limited Company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 on February 24, 1995, having its registered office at Reliance House, Near. Mardia Plaza, Off. C.G. Road, Ahmedabad, 380 006 and its Corporate Office at One Indiabulls Centre, Tower 1, Jupiter Mills Compound , 841, Senapati Bapat Marg, Elphinstone Road, Mumbai 400 013. Directors of the company include Amitabh Jhunjhunwala, a senior executive of ADAG. Amitabh Chaturvedi is the managing director of the AMC. As of end August 2006, Reliance mutual fund has Rs 28,753 crore of assets under management. Reliance Equity Fund, launched by Reliance MF in early 2006, is the largest mutual find scheme in the country with a fund size of over Rs 5,500 crore. The net worth of the Asset Management Company based on audited accounts as on March 31, 2009 is Rs. 841.32 Crore. Here is a list of mutual funds of Reliance which includes Debt/Income Funds , Equity Funds and Sector Specific Funds. Latest NAV Scheme Name NAV (Net Asset Value) Date Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Growth Plan Bonus Option 13.4254 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Growth Plan Growth Option 18.7981 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Monthly Dividend Plan 10.3827 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Quarterly Dividend Plan 10.8016 03-Dec-2009 Reliance NRI Income Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 11.8741 03-Dec-2009 Reliance NRI Income Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 11.8741 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Dividend Re-investment Plan 10.6417 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Growth Plan 17.1406 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Quarterly Dividend Plan 13.5299 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 31.2926 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 78.4123 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 78.4123 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend 47.6648 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Growth-Bonus 76.6486 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Growth-Growth 76.6486 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 19.3456 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 27.3863 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 27.3863 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Dividend Plan-(D) 53.3177 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 68.9535 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 415.6732 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Media Entertainment Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 18.0409 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Media Entertainment Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 2 Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) INTRODUCTION OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND Overview Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) is one of Indias leading Mutual Funds, with Average Assets Under Management (AAUM) of Rs. 1,22,252 CRORES and an investor base of over 72.40 Lacs. (AAUM and investor count as of November 2009) For its 7.3 million investors, RMF offers a well-rounded portfolio of products that meet varying requirements. They are served from offices across 226 locations in India, offices in Dubai, Singapore, Mauritius and UK Reliance Mutual Fund, a part of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, is one of the fastest growing mutual funds in the country. RMF offers investors a well-rounded portfolio of products to meet varying investor requirements and has presence in 118 cities across the country. Reliance Mutual Fund constantly endeavors to launch innovative products and customer service initiatives to increase value to investors. Reliance Mutual Fund schemes are managed by Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited., a subsidiary of Reliance Capital Limited, which holds 93.37% of the paid-up capital of RCAM, the balance paid up capital being held by minority shareholders. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services. Sponsor: Reliance Capital Limited Trustee: Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited Investment Manager or Asset Manager: Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited Statutory Details: The Sponsor, the Trustee and the Investment Manager are incorporated under the Companies Act 1956. Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) has been established as a trust under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 with Reliance Capital Limited (RCL), as the Settlor/Sponsor and Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited (RCTCL), as the Trustee. RMF has been registered with the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) vide registration number MF/022/95/1 dated June 30, 1995. The name of Reliance Capital Mutual Fund has been changed to Reliance Mutual Fund effective 11th. March 2004 vide SEBIs letter no. IMD/PSP/4958/2004 date 11th. March 2004. Reliance Mutual Fund was formed to launch various schemes under which units are issued to the Public with a view to contribute to the capital market and to provide investors the opportunities to make investments in diversified securities The main objectives of the Trust are: To carry on the activity of a Mutual Fund as may be permitted at law and formulate and devise various collective Schemes of savings and investments for people in India and abroad and also ensure liquidity of investments for the Unit holders; To deploy Funds thus raised so as to help the Unit holders earn reasonable returns on their savings and To take such steps as may be necessary from time to time to realize the effects without any limitation. Risk Factors: Mutual Funds and securities investments are subject to market risks and there is no assurance or guarantee that the objectives of the Scheme will be achieved. As with any investment in securities, the NAV of the Units issued under the Scheme can go up or down depending on the factors and forces affecting the capital markets. Past performance of the Sponsor/AMC/Mutual Fund is not indicative of the future performance of the Scheme. The Sponsor is not responsible or liable for any loss resulting from the operation of the Scheme beyond their initial contribution of Rs.1 lakh towards the setting up of the Mutual Fund and such other accretions and additions to the corpus. The NAV of the Scheme may be affected, interalia, by changes in the market conditions, interest rates, trading volumes, settlement periods and transfer procedures. The Mutual Fund is not assuring that it will make periodical dividend distributions, though it has every intention of doing so. All dividend dist ributions are subject to the availability of distributable surplus in the Scheme. Vision Statement To be a globally respected wealth creator with an emphasis on customer care and a culture of good corporate governance Mission Statement To create and nurture a world-class, high performance environment aimed at delighting our customers Corporate Governance Corporate Governance Policy: Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. has a vision of being a leading player in the Mutual Fund business and has achieved significant success and visibility in the market. However, an imperative part of growth and visibility is adherence to Good Conduct in the marketplace. At Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., the implementation and observance of ethical processes and policies has helped us in standing up to the scrutiny of our domestic and international investors. Management: The management at Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is committed to good Corporate Governance, which includes transparency and timely dissemination of information to its investors and unit holders. The Board of Directors of RCAM is a professional body, including well-experienced and knowledgeable Independent Members. Regular Audit Committee meetings are conducted to review the operations and performance of the company. Employees: Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. has at present, a code of conduct for all its officers. It has a clearly defined prohibition on insider trading policy and regulations. The management believes in the principles of propriety and utmost care is taken while handling public money, making proper and adequate disclosures. All personnel at Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd are made aware of their rights, obligations and duties as part of the Dealing Policy laid down in terms of SEBI guidelines. They are taken through a well-designed HR program, conducted to impart work ethics, the Code of Conduct, information security, Internet and e-mail usage and a host of other issues. One of the core objectives of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is to identify issues considered sensitive by global corporate standards, and implement policies/guidelines in conformity with the best practices as an ongoing process. Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes: Equity/Growth Schemes The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an option depending on their preferences. The investors must indicate the option in the application form. The mutual funds also allow the investors to change the options at a later date. Growth schemes are good for investors having a long-term outlook seeking appreciation over a period of time. Debt/Income Schemes The aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations in equity markets. However, opportunities of capital appreciation are also limited in such funds. The NAVs of such funds are affected because of change in interest rates in the country. If the interest rates fall, NAVs of such funds are likely to increase in the short run and vice versa. However, long term investors may not bother about these fluctuations. Sector Specific Schemes These are the funds/schemes which invest in the securities of only those sectors or industries as specified in the offer documents. e.g. Pharmaceuticals, Software, Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Petroleum stocks, etc. The returns in these funds are dependent on the performance of the respective sectors/industries. While these funds may give higher returns, they are more risky compared to diversified funds. Investors need to keep a watch on the performance of those sectors/industries and must exit at an appropriate time. They may also seek advice of an expert. Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are usually passively managed mutual fund schemes tracking a benchmark index and reflect the performance of that index. These schemes are listed on the stock exchange and therefore have the flexibility of trading like a share on the stock exchange. It can also be looked as a security that tracks an index, a commodity or a basket of assets like an index fund, but trades like a stock on an exchange, thus experiencing price changes throughout the day as it is bought and sold. Fixed Maturity Plans (FMPs) Fixed Maturity Plans (FMPs) are basically debt oriented investment schemes with a pre-specified tenure offered by mutual funds. FMPs invest in a portfolio of debt instruments whose maturity coincides with the maturity of the concerned FMP. The primary objective of a FMP is to generate income while aiming to protect the capital by investing in a portfolio of debt and money market securities. Since FMPs are available with several maturity options, one can invest in the relevant plan depending upon his investment horizon and the requirement of cash flows. Interval Fund / Fixed Maturity Plan Reliance Interval Fund (A Debt Oriented Interval Scheme): The investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund Plan C (A close-ended scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the scheme with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A close-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the scheme with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Portfolio management services: Overview Reliance Portfolio Management Services is an exclusive offering from the portfolio management division of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Capital Ltd., Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is also the investment manager for Reliance Mutual Fund schemes wherein it manages assets worth over Rs. 42,200 crores (as on Feb 28, 2007) Reliance Portfolio Management Services is a premium financial service, offering innovative exclusive products through discretionary advisory services. Our expertise has earned the trust of thousands of high net-worth individual/ institutional investors and created a family that is constantly growing. Reliance Portfolio Management Services can conduct your investments with true finesse coupled with passion and innovation. Reliance Portfolio Management Services is a part of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Capital Ltd. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services Organizational philosophy When it comes to managing investments what one needs is the fine harmony and the scale of an orchestra. Essentially, this translates to a special kind of skill that understands the finer nuances and appreciates the subtle notes. Only then can the instrumentation deliver a consistently enhanced performance. Now, you can get that kind of superior orchestration for your investment portfolio. Introducing Reliance Portfolio Management Services (Reliance PMS), a premium financial offering for select investors. An exclusive service, where a diligent team of talented professionals with diverse skill sets orchestrate your investments to deliver optimum returns. And a consistently laudable performance. Investmant philosophy A rich canvas of melodies.. At Reliance PMS you can expect a multitude of innovative investment options to serve varying investment objectives. The spectrum of asset classes traverses from the traditional asset classes, such as equities, fixed income or gold, to emerging ones, such as structured products or realty. Their Aim: To traverse the journey of your wealth creation with you by leveraging these asset options. They constantly endeavor to deliver competitive returns through a conservative and a diligent fund management framework, that is supported by rigorous analysis and a proven investment methodology The keynotes to perfection Minimizing Risks, Optimizing Gains All great scores being with a plan. To make beautiful music and surpass all expectations. Their strategy is quite similar. An increasing investor base is a reflection of the trust that investors repose in us, which we respect. Hence the safety of our investors assets is of utmost priority and this is the foundation of our investment philosophy. At Reliance PMS, they view every portfolio with the diligence of a musician composing a new score. Fine-tuning. Enhancing. Improving. Constantly working towards superior orchestration of your portfolio. Naturally, this is only possible if the foundation is sound. Strong investments, pure harmonies what we believe in Strong melodies call for a fine conductor. Reliance Portfolio Management Services can conduct your investments with utmost perfection. Our investment beliefs form the core of what we do. Our foundation is based on five key elements: Canvas, Concentration, Cash and Flexibility, Customisation and Customer Service. And it is with this rock solid base that we plan a fine crescendo for your investments Reliance PMS advantage: you As a Reliance PMS customer, we get a lot more than just superior portfolio management. We get the advantage of a solid and reputable track record backed by the expertise of a sound and stable investment team. Their philosophy lays considerable emphasis on an intensive research based, bottom-up, stock picking approach with a bias towards customizing the product offerings for our investors and business associates. They strongly believe that our investments should be adaptable enough to succeed in any market situation. Which is why our investment philosophy revolves around a solid bottom-up approach. So its true, when you invest with Reliance PMS, its certain that you will have all your investments in perfect sync. The composers score fund management Process All great scores begin with a plan. To make beautiful music and surpass all expectations. Their process is quite similar. All potential investment opportunities are subjected to extensive research, which includes analysis of various macro and micro economic indicators, related to specific sector company and or industry. This coupled with company visits and extensive interaction facilitates a data pool, which becomes the foundation of the process. Following are various services or investment schemes offered by Reliance Portfolio Management: 1). Absolute freedom option: This investment option is a highly flexible one with a very direct focus. To make the most of investment openings across a wide gamut of large cap, mid cap and small cap stocks. The aim of this product is to deliver positive absolute returns. It plans to do this by focusing on research based value investing to cover potentially investment-worthy companies. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 2). Large cap option: This portfolio model endeavors to generate capital appreciation by investing in companies drawn primarily from the Top 250 companies. These companies are ranked on the basis of market capitalization. The focus over here is on companies with a proven track record and a favorable medium to long-term outlook. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 3). Small Mid cap option: Capital appreciation through bottom up stock picking is of priority here with a special emphasis on the small and mid-cap space. Incisive and keen research is the backbone of this product. A dedicated research team will initiate portfolio building by discovering businesses that are relatively new and less tracked. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 4). Concentrated option: The investment objective of concentrated option is to achieve long term capital appreciation from equity and equity related investments. This investment option endeavors to invest disproportionate corpus in large and mid cap high growth companies that would be able to compound wealth over medium to long term. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount: Resident Indian: Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Tranche 1: INR 50 Lacs Tranche 2: INR 25 Lacs* Tranche 3: INR 25 Lacs* Non Resident Indian: INR 1 Crores 5). Emerging sector opportunity option: The Trinity Option which is a part of Emerging Sector Opportunity Option shall invest in a combination of sectors in order to cater to specific investor requirements and market conditions. The Trinity Series will look at investment opportunities in Natural Resources, Infrastructure Capital Goods and Financial Services. The Trinity Series offer the investors an opportunity to be part of the emerging sectors which would be the engines of growth and key drivers of the Indian economy Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 1 Crores Fixed income schemes under portfolio management services: All Season Debt Shield Aggressive Returns Option: A highly flexible investment option, which offers a diversified investment portfolio across ratings and the yield curve. Fixed Maturity Option: A relatively protective investment option with investments predominantly locked for the duration of the scheme. In certain scenarios, there might be partial redemption allowed, without a significant impact on the portfolio returns. Liquidity Option: The underlying tone of this investment option is to essentially provide the investors with superior returns as compared to traditional open-ended money market schemes. Blended Debt Plus Best of Funds Option Under this option, investments shall be made in units of different mutual funds. This option is designed to achieve even greater diversification than traditional mutual funds. Structured products solution: Structured Products are Investment instruments that combine at least one derivative with assets such as equity and fixed income securities. Such products are fast emerging as an alternate asset class among HNI/ Institutional investors providing opportunities that capture potential upsides of the equity universe with capital protection. Customized solutions: At Reliance PMS believe in delivering more than what the customer expects, customized solutions are just a step towards it. Customized solutions are investments specially created to meet needs that cannot be met from the standardized financial instruments available in the market. Customized solutions capture the characteristics of traditional and nontraditional investments with financial instruments. The strategic combination of these components provides control and flexibility to address those investors whose investment objective is not met through traditional investments available. AMC (Asset Management Company) of Reliance Mutual fund: A company that invests its clients pooled fundinto securities that match its declared financial objectives. Asset management companies provide investors with more diversification and investing options than they would have by themselves. Mutual funds, hedge funds andpension plans are all run by asset management companies. These companies earn income by charging service fees to their clients. AMCs offer their clients more diversificationbecause they have a larger pool of resources than the individual investor.Pooling assets together and paying out proportional returns allows investors to avoid minimum investment requirements often required when purchasing securities on their own,as well as the ability toinvest in a larger set of securities with a smaller investment AMC has to discharge mainly three functions as under: Taking investment decisions and making investments of the funds through market dealer/brokers in the secondary market securities or directly in the primary capital market or money market instruments Realize fund position by taking account of all receivables and realizations, moving corporate actions involving declaration of dividends,etc to compensate investors for their investments in units; and Maintaining proper accounting and information for pricing the units and arriving at net asset value (NAV), the information about the listed schemes and the transactions of units in the secondary market. AMC has to feed back the trustees about its fund management operations and has to maintain a perfect information system. Structure of AMC: RCAM has been appointed as the Asset Management Company of Reliance Mutual Fund by The Trustee vide Investment Management Agreement (IMA) dated May 12, 1995 and executed between Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited and Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. and amended on August 12, 1997 in line with SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996). Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd.(RCAM) is an unlisted Public Limited Company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 on February 24, 1995, having its registered office at Reliance House, Near. Mardia Plaza, Off. C.G. Road, Ahmedabad, 380 006 and its Corporate Office at One Indiabulls Centre, Tower 1, Jupiter Mills Compound , 841, Senapati Bapat Marg, Elphinstone Road, Mumbai 400 013. Directors of the company include Amitabh Jhunjhunwala, a senior executive of ADAG. Amitabh Chaturvedi is the managing director of the AMC. As of end August 2006, Reliance mutual fund has Rs 28,753 crore of assets under management. Reliance Equity Fund, launched by Reliance MF in early 2006, is the largest mutual find scheme in the country with a fund size of over Rs 5,500 crore. The net worth of the Asset Management Company based on audited accounts as on March 31, 2009 is Rs. 841.32 Crore. Here is a list of mutual funds of Reliance which includes Debt/Income Funds , Equity Funds and Sector Specific Funds. Latest NAV Scheme Name NAV (Net Asset Value) Date Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Growth Plan Bonus Option 13.4254 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Growth Plan Growth Option 18.7981 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Monthly Dividend Plan 10.3827 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Quarterly Dividend Plan 10.8016 03-Dec-2009 Reliance NRI Income Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 11.8741 03-Dec-2009 Reliance NRI Income Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 11.8741 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Dividend Re-investment Plan 10.6417 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Growth Plan 17.1406 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Quarterly Dividend Plan 13.5299 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 31.2926 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 78.4123 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 78.4123 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend 47.6648 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Growth-Bonus 76.6486 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Growth-Growth 76.6486 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 19.3456 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 27.3863 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 27.3863 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Dividend Plan-(D) 53.3177 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 68.9535 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 415.6732 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Media Entertainment Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 18.0409 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Media Entertainment Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 2

Edmund Spenser‘s Dazzling Quest for Virtue in The Faerie Queene Essays

Edmund Spenser‘s Dazzling Quest for Virtue in The Faerie Queene "Voyeur: one who habitually seeks sexual stimulation by visual means" (Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary). According to Baby's Record, as a child my favorite stories included Daniel in the Lions' Den, Jonah and the Whale, Elisha and the 40 Children Eaten by the Bears, The Three Little Pigs, and Goldilocks and the Three Bears. Before sex came violence, tamed by a mother's lap and blessed by the inspired Word. Voyeurism may well be "the relation . . . of every reader to every novel, of every spectator to every painting, play and film" (Paglia 191); as an "innocent" child, I had already allowed my "untamed pagan eye" to feast fully upon the delightful spectacle of human beings disappearing into the ravenous jaws of nature. To paraphrase Paglia I was at a tender age already "deeply implicated" (191). But perhaps sexuality has never been my strong suit. I must admit that I, unlike Paglia, saw The Faerie Queene above all as an allegory of "the Christian struggling heroically against many evils . . separated ...

The Daughter Of Time By Joseph Essay -- essays research papers

Josephine Tey’s The Daughter of Time is a historical novel that looks at the belief that Richard III, King of England, murdered his two nephews in order to maintain his power. This novel also supports the belief that the â€Å"truth comes out through time.† In the novel the main character, Grant, is concerned with what he believes is a unknown fact of whether or not the long ago King of England was guilty. Throughout his search for the answer Grant discovers many history books which all tend to view Richard in different ways. It is from these different views of the same man, that one can draw the conclusion that bias plays a major role in the validity and credibility of documents and personal accounts. So what is the role and in what ways does the truth come out through time? As historians we must look at what it is that we are reading. In saying this it means we must read between the lines. And not just see the words but where they came from and what the writer is trying to say. As was demonstrated in The Daughter of Time, the documents which Grant read all differed in the way they viewed Richard III. This could have been because the writer’s attitudes towards Richard were all different. For example, in the novel, Sir Thomas More’s and later accounts of Richard III were derived from John Morton, Richard’s bitterest en enemy. Sir Thomas’s account was from the view of someone who hated Richard and is therefor considered biased. As a historian it is important to realize that some ...

Pride in Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe :: essays research papers

In the novel Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, the main character, Okonkwo, has a lot of pride. There is a well-known aphorism, ?Pride goes before a fall.? Through Okonkwo?s hard work, he became a great man, with a sense of pride and haughtiness. He then suffered a loss of pride, which ultimately led to his down fall and even his suicide. So, through Okonkwo?s actions, Achebe suggests that excessive pride can lead to down fall. For my first point, I am going to start with a joke: ?One day there was an airplane flying Bill Clinton, Bill Gates, Bill (a kid), and Billy Gram. Something went wrong with the plane, and so it had to be abandoned. The pilot strapped on a parachute and said to the passengers, ?There are only four parachutes, and I am taking one.? Bill Clinton grabbed the second and said, ?I am the most important man, and my country needs me, so I am taking one, too.? Then, Bill Gates grabbed the third one and said, ?I am the smartest man in the world, and my people need me.? After Bill Gates left, Bill (the kid) was just looking at the last parachute, when Billy Gram said, ?I am old and you are young, and you have your whole life ahead of you, so take the last parachute.? After a little while, Bill looked up at Billy Gram and said, ?I was not thinking about that, it is just that the smartest man took my back pack.? As you saw from the joke and the book, both Okonkwo and Bill Gates were full of prejud ice pride. Both thought they were great men, and saw others as inferior compared to them. But their pride led to their destruction. Second, Okonkwo?s pride was greatly bruised while attending a great warrior?s funeral, named Ezeudu. It was when ?Darkness was around the corner? (page 124), when Okonkwo?s life took a sharp turn down hill. ?Guns fired the last salute and the cannon rent the sky. And then from the center of the delirious fury came a cry of agony and shouts of horror. It was as if a spell had been cast. All was silent. In the center of the crowd a boy lay in a pool of blood. It was the dead man?s sixteen-year-old son, who with his brothers and half-brothers had been dancing the traditional farewell to their father.

Global Orientation Essay

Global marketing has the potential to bring a company to its proverbial next level. In order to understand how to thrive in global marketing one must first understand the conditions leading to the development and sustainment of global market. The need and environment for a global market stemmed from a number of factors. One factor is the rapid technological advances in equipment, communications, and transportation, which are all major drivers of both the ability and the desire of companies to expand globally. Advances in production equipment allows companies to create larger volumes of product which, when paired with the expanded customer base of a global market, can generate greater profits which can be reinvested into research and development efforts. These increases in product volume and profit are aided by faster communication and transportation, which serve to shrink the global marketplace and provide less costly methods for companies to distribute products, information, and financial flows. Another factor is the international system, which includes the development of the International Monetary Framework, trading blocs, General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and other such formations of international agreements facilitated by the spread of global peace. One final factor is the spread of awareness in disparate markets of different products and processes. In the process of forming international infrastructures, global experiences have served to change attitudes and behaviors of entire segments of domestic markets. Being exposed to ideas from around the world has affected these market segments’ tastes and professed needs, eventually leading to a convergence of world markets to global markets sharing common tastes and needs across geographical boundaries. From a more conceptual angle, global markets derived from the Bretton Woods system of global free trade and are able to thrive under the policies of a hegemon, or dominant world power. The Bretton Woods Agreement established a method enabling currencies to be convertible for trade, by pegging currencies to gold, and formed the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The system established by the Bretton Woods Agreement was validated due to the United States’ economic dominance and manufacturing base. Through the uses of diplomacy, finance, and military force, the United States has ensured openness in the Bretton Woods system, a concept defined by the Greek word hegemony. It has been theorized that international systems are best able to maintain stability when managed by a single dominant world power. According to the theory of hegemonic stability, the downfall of the reigning hegemon causes the global market to suffer instability until another rises into power. Furthermore, the tastes and needs of global markets will change to reflect that of the hegemon, which explains the current spread of western culture. The convergence of world markets has created the need for companies to approach all country markets within their scope of operations as a single global market, identifying market segments with similar demands that can be satisfied with the same product, standardizing what components of the marketing mix that they can, and adapting the marketing mix to accommodate for significant cultural differences when necessary – an approach called global orientation. Factors that must be considered for a company to achieve global awareness and succeed in global orientation include objectivity, tolerance toward cultural differences, and a solid knowledge base. The first factor, objectivity, involves being objective in the assessment and handling of opportunities, risks, and issues associated with prospective investments. The second, tolerance, requires an understanding of and willingness to work with different cultures that exhibit behaviors unlike one’s own. The final factor to achieving global awareness is becoming knowledgeable about the changes occurring throughout the world, the global economy, social trends, world market potentials, world history, and individual cultures. A company’s success in the three aforementioned factors will determine the level of global awareness they will be able to achieve, their success in a transition to global orientation, and ultimately their success in the global marketing environment. Once a company has achieved global marketing success, it must establish a competitive advantage in order to thrive. Competitive advantages can be typified by a company’s competitive strategy coupled with their emphasis on new product-market growth. Table 1 depicts Mullins and Walker’s (2013) typologies of business level competitive strategies. An example of how a company may fit into this typology is that of Samsung. Samsung gauges whether they are on the right track in the global market through the use of data collection and studies including revenue measurements, profitability measurements, average price indices (API), brand attitude studies (BAS), and dealer attitude studies (DAS), which would place them in the position of analyzer using both competitive strategies of differentiation and cost leadership. Table 1: Combined Typology of Business-Level Competitive Strategies Emphasis on new product-market growth Heavy Emphasis No Emphasis prospectorAnalyzerDefenderReactor Competitive strategyDifferetiationUnits primarily concerned with attaining growth through aggressive pursuitof new product-market opportunitiesUnits with strong core business; actively seeking to expand into related product-markets with differentiated offeringsUnits primarily concerned with maintaining a differentiated position in mature marketsUnits with no clearly defined product-market development or competitive strategy Cost leadershipUnits with strong core business; actively seeking to expand into related product-markets with low-cost offeringsUnits primarily concerned with maintaining a low-cost position in mature markets In conclusion, global markets have evolved from increased international cooperation and interaction. In order for companies to continue to grow and thrive, they must become globally oriented in their operations and implement a competitive strategy for the global environment. Globalization has opened up many opportunities for worldwide development and is strengthened by the participation of companies in the global market and by strong leadership by a world power. References Cooper, R. N. , Eichengreen, B. , Holtham, G. , Putnam, R. D. , & Henning, C. R. (1989). Can Nations Agree? Issues in International Economic Cooperation. Washington D. C. : The Brookings Institution. pp. 255-298. Mazlish, B. (2012). Three Factors of Globalization: Multinational Corporations, Non-Governmental Organizations, and Global Consciousness. Globality Studies Journal. Retrieved from http://globality. cc. stonybrook. edu/? p=239 Mullins, J. W. , Walker, O. C. (2013). Business Strategies and Marketing Decisions. McGraw Hill Education. 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