Interpersonal communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Interpersonal communication - Essay Example In the given scenario there is an interpersonal communication happening between a supervisor and two employees. In the discussion, the participants are professionals working in an advertising agency where Marie is placed as a director, Steve and Jane are working as a manager, and Paul is a part of a different department. The verbal exchange between the three persons i.e. Marie, Jane and Steve is a part of the interpersonal communication. The discussion starts with a pleasant morning exchange of greetings at the office between Marie and Jane. Jane who is a manager, wanted to discuss about a competitor firm and their poaching of a developmental director. Jane thought it to be a positive step for the competitor firm. Jane proposed to get them as their potential client to make a positive impact on their own business. Jane also proposed to get the company as their new agent. Here, in the conversation the ‘Politeness Theory’, proposed by Goffman, is being used. The theory is called as the theory of face, as it explores the communication among power relations, social distance relations; solidarity and also the seriousness that is required for the issue in discussion are evident in the conversation (Holmes & Stubbe, â€Å"Doing Disagreement at Work a sociolinguistic Approach†). In the discussion, there is a disagreement evident to the proposal of Jane from Marie’s end. As Marie observes that Jane already has other important business dealings in hand so she would not be able to take risk of letting Jane go ahead with the proposed deal. So, there is a disagreement between the director and the subordinate. Jane did agree to Marie’s concern but showed Marie some recent statistics and also showed very able persuasion and negotiation skills to convince Marie to let her go ahead with the proposal. Marie thought of assigning the task that Jane had, to Steve, another manager in the advertising agency.

Philosophy - animal rights by Peter Singer Essay

Philosophy - animal rights by Peter Singer - Essay Example In order to prove the hollowness of this ‘speciesism’, Singer provides the example of the history of slavery. The White slave owners never took the sufferings of the Black slaves into consideration because their moral concerns were limited to White people (135). Thus, according to him, if ‘racism’ is not moral, ‘speciesism’ too is immoral. Secondly, Singer opines that animals have interests because they have feelings like pain (135). Also, Singer points out animals have equal rights despite their lack of communication skills and intelligence because lunatics and infants too enjoy equal rights. The scholar says that equality in quality is not a necessary factor for giving moral value to nonhuman things. He claims that even within the human species, there is wide disparity in qualities like intelligence, physical strength, ability to communicate, and so on. However, the problem with Singer’s opinion is that in his effort to protect animal rights, he forgot the fact that humans too are animals with the right to protect their own interests like all other animals do. It is for Singer to show a cow or a goat that tries to preserve some grass for another species before filling its own stomach. The mistake with Singer’s opinion is that he failed to acknowledge the fact that all advanced species take maximum advantage of the circumstances to promote their own welfare. Singer admits the fact that there are pests in nature. Then he has to admit that humans are just another group of pests that takes advantage of the suitable circumstances to grow. This is the law of nature. Another vulnerability of his opinion is that he has mixed morality with nature. The mere fact is that morality is just a social construct which is purely aimed at human welfare. Moreover, the concept of morality, as he admits, is not concrete. It varies from time to time, and population to population. According to the

Comparing Disclosure Based Regulation And Merit Based Regulation Finance Essay

Comparing Disclosure Based Regulation And Merit Based Regulation Finance Essay There are tw0 basic models of regulatory system which is the supervision framework for securities market which is a merit based regulation and disclosure based regulation. These regulation systems are important to provide adequate investor protection and regulate business practices or codes of conduct that reduces systemic risks. There are several countries which have adopted the disclosure based regulation which are Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore. The countries which are still following the merit based systems are China and Philippines but to certain extend.  [1]   MBR The recognition of the need for a securities regulator to ensure investor protection and market integrity is located in the Securities Commission Act 1993 (SCA), under which the Securities Commission (SC) is established. Section 15(1) of the SCA requires the SC to, which control all matters relating to securities and to take all reasonable measures to preserve the confidence of investors in the securities market by ensuring sufficient security for such investors. The principal thrust of the regulatory framework currently applied by the SC is merit-based. Section 32(4) of the Securities Commission Act 1993 (SCA), give power that all proposals that involve issues or offers of securities to the public be subjected to the SCs prior approval. The SC has the discretion to approve the proposals with such revisions and subject to such terms and conditions as it deems fit. The SC also has the power to reject corporate proposals if it is reasonably satisfied that these proposals are not in the best interest of the public company and/or the investing public  [2]  . Authorities regulate securities offering Under the MBR, The authorities regulate the securities offering by protecting and shielding the investor by ensuring that the offering of the securities of the companys is judged by the authorities to be fair, just and equitable. Under this approach, the regulators or the authorities would make an assessment regarding the companys viability, quality and capabilities of the companys management, its suitability for listing and taking regard of the public interest before approving any issuance proposal regarding the companys securities.  [3]  For example, section 34(4) of the SCA, issues or offers of securities is subjected to the approval from the SC. Issuers and advisers disclose to authorities Under the MBR model, the issuers and advisers disclosed all information regarding the companys business to the authorities or the market regulators. These are because under this type of model, the market regulator needs to approve first the securities before the investor can be allowed to invest in the companys. This is for the purpose to protect the investor. Authorities reviews investment merits of offering Regulators review each transaction according to its perceived merits. The evaluation is completed in two stages which is firstly, adequacy of disclosure is assessed then, and the merits of the transaction are subjected to value judgment. Merit-based regulation assumes that the market regulators are better informed than investors and can better decide the merits of transactions on their behalf.  [4]  These merit judgment is the indication whether the companys can provide safe securities in making business in order to protect the investment made by the investor. Advantages of MBR Model In merit based regulation, it is a paternalistic attempt to improve or to develop the fairness between the relationship between the sellers and buyers of the securities in the capital market. These models also act as a shield to protect the public investors from the risks involved in acting on impulse. This is because the authorities had made deep valuation and merits regarding the companys business in order to approve the securities issued by the companys. This model or regulatory system is particularly suitable to be adopted for Malaysias emerging capital market which has a large proportion of financially unsophisticated retail investors. This is also reduce or minimizing the possibility of promoters of public companies exploiting these less sophicated investors to use as to their own advantages. In the securities market, the Securities Commission is also able to ensure that mechanism in place is working well in order to prevent unscrupulous and unethical practices in the issue or offer of the securities by the companies. By ensuing that the mechanism place is working, the investor would have minimized the risk of losing their investment by the unscrupulous and unethical practices of some companys who would provide false or inadequate information regarding their business. But, the ultimate decision still lies within the investor. This is because the decision and the evaluation of the security offered lies with the investing public. The securities commission will not give a guarantee that the investment made by the investor would get a return or profit.  [5]   The SC has the power to check and ensure that the securities that are offered by the issuers are fairly and reasonably priced. Disadvantages of MBR Model This is regards to the public interest where the public investor would make their decision in investing their money in the companys based on the SC. The approach of MBR posed a problem of moral hazard. This is because when the market regulators or the SC gives their approval of the merits of a particular company, it exist danger that investors will perceive that the corporation will be a good investment as the SC had given their approval after making some merits regarding the business of the companys. This would lead to an impression whereby the investor did not need to individually evaluate the merits or risk of investing in that company. The investor would totally leave it to the market regulator to make the research. By using these models, the regulatory approach of MBR restricts entrepreneurs and investors choice in making decision in choosing the right company to invest by limiting the scope of investment that is offered to them. This is because only SC will give and provide the necessary approval in order to make the issued security to be approved. If the companys does not comply the guideline given and the SC does not approve the issue offered, thus limiting the option available to the investor in investing their money. This approach also denies certain ventures of access to public funds unless the issuer of securities agrees to modify their offering according to the pre-requisite set by the SC. The issue that always arises is that the SC and the issuers of securities tend to have conflicting views as to how and the extent to which a proposed venture or transaction will be beneficial to investor in general. The SC is also known to be more conservative in its judgment and normally will not approve highly risky securities to be offered to the public. The merit based regulation also provided that by giving much protection to the investor, this will take the bargaining power from the securities offeror or issuers and the power will be switch to the investor instead. The protection is significant because the issuers of the securities need to raise funds at a substantial discount from the actual price of their securities. From this Market philosophy, this over-protection of the investing public had compelled issuers to raise funds at a substantial discount from the actual value of their securities or add to the perception of initial investors that they would be guaranteed a premium when the corporate body is launched onto the marketplace. Basic principle of DBR The basic principle of DBR is the need for the issuers and intermediaries offering securities to provide investors with sufficient, accurate and timely disclosure of all relevant information regarding the companys business, prospects, finances and the terms of the securities in order to allow investors to better evaluate the risks and merits of their investment.  [6]  This is to allow the investor to make they own informed investment decisions. Usually is done through the use of prospectus which focuses whether the companies comply with the standard of disclosure required. For example, in Malaysia, the companies that is listed in Bursa Malaysia, one of the listing requirements of the standard disclosure is to have at least two annual reports that can be inspect by the investors in order to make their decision to invest. The investor are expected to carry out their own due diligence or with the assistance of expert or professional such as lawyers and accountant because the investo r hold a higher level of responsibilities in evaluating the risk or particular offering based on the disclosed information before investing.  [7]   Authorities regulate disclosure of information in securities offering Under DBR, the regulation of the disclosure or the standard of the disclosure in securities offering is on the authorities where the authorities will provide the guidelines for the company in disclosing the relevant information pertaining the companys business, finances, prospects and terms of securities. The burden is put on the issuers of the securities and advisers and not on the authorities. Issuers and adviser disclosed to investor Under the model Of DBR, the issuers of the securities will provide sufficient information according to the Securities Commission Guidelines regarding the disclosure of information regarding their business. The advisers which are normally experts or professionals such as accountants, lawyers and other technical experts need to have play their role in the preparation of prospectus for the investing public. These are because each of these adviser or experts can be held liable for a defective prospectus under the DBR. The due diligence process is for the purposes of preparing good and complete prospectus and involves performing reasonable investigate work in order to determine that the prospectus does not contain any material omission or false information. Financial advisers and experts in particular are expected to have a very high standard of reasonable care. An adviser has an obligation to make a reasonable investigation not just for the purpose of its own due diligence defence but al so as a duty to the investing public who will be relying on the opinion and recommendations of the advisers. In order to minimize their potential risk, the expert of professionals must make due diligence enquiries.  [8]   Investors determine investment merits of offering In the DBR System, the investor cannot expect that the securities regulator to protect them forever. In order to invest, the investor cannot invest blindly. The investor must make their own research and collect data and information regarding the companys business. Investors have to evaluate and assess the merits of any security being issued or offered before making any investment decision It would become more apparent that investors would have to change their laid-back attitude. They can no longer take for granted that securities being issued or offered have already passed the regulators investment merit review. Instead, the information necessary for the investors themselves to evaluate the investment merit of a security will be available. Investors must also take a more active interest in the companies they invest in emphasis should always be placed on fundamentals and long-term performance rather than short-term profit. Investors should be concerned about ensuring that their rights and interests as shareholders are protected, and that greater transparency and accountability are shown by the directors or principal officers of the companies concerned. Ultimately the effectiveness of the disclosure regime to be adopted in Malaysia will depend on investors themselves. They must also rise to the occasion by paying closer attention to the affairs of the corporations in wh ich they invest. Under a disclosure-based regulation, investment analysts and financial journalists would have access to more relevant information to enable them to make more detailed analysis, research and assessment of each security issue or offering and can conclude at a better finding and recommendation. This is of particular importance in Malaysia in view of the large proportion of retail investors, some of whom lack the technical expertise and or the time needed to evaluate the web of information disclosed by issuers of securities. These investors may need to rely on the analysis disseminated by the investment analysts and financial journalists to make better informed investment decisions.  [9]   Advantages of DBR There are several advantages of the DBR regulatory model system. Basically, this would result in a more transparent and informed market whereby companies have to improve their quality of disclosure to facilitate potential decision making by potential investors. By upgrading the quality, the investors have more choice and more information pertaining the business and the finances of the companies before making any investment in the companies. Investor must know and get the information given by the issuer of securities to because the investor will hold the burden of all the responsibility towards their investment decision. One of the major advantages of DBR, the companies can raise more funds at a lower or cheaper cost. This is because it is based on the assumption that the higher level of transparency will lead to a greater evaluation risk by underwriters which would then contribute to a lesser cost in raising the fund which give the issuers companies the power to price it assets at a higher premium rates.  [10]   Another advantage under the DBR is where the role of the regulator is to ensure that the structure of the market is consistent and efficient for the market In order for the investor to make a decision. The regulators will ensure that the information given by the companies are disclosed so that the investor will become the judge in making judgment of the merits of alternative investment, so that the regulator would only emphasis on disclosure and eradication of fraud.  [11]   According to analysis, by shifting towards the disclosure based regulation, the benefit that the securities market will enjoy is that the increased of efficiency of the Malaysian capital market by removing the barriers to competitiveness which is present in the old merit regulatory system.  [12]   A higher standard of disclosure by the companies is ensuring by the regulatory bodies. This is because the companies are expected to follow the guidelines of disclosure of the information according to the SC. This would give more chance to the investor in making their own research of the accountability of the companies before making any investment. The Ground for the shift of regulatory model from MBR to DBR The Securities Commission continues to play an important role in providing direction on broad policy matters and in enforcing the securities laws and regulations. Its role is to ensure that the incentives and structure of the market are consistent with efficiency, fairness and stability. The table below shows the ground for the shift to DBR regulatory system. Three Tenets of DBR Disclosure The responsibility of directors of public companies is to ensure that all material information required by the public to make investment decisions is provided accurately, in full and on a timely basis. In disclosing such information, the question that is need to be asked is whether Has any important piece of information been omitted? Is any part of the information misleading? Is the information complete and accurate? Investors rely on available information when deciding where and when they should invest their money. There is a need for information when new securities are offered in the primary market. There is also a need for information when dealing in securities already traded in the secondary market. Disclosure of information therefore benefits investors by facilitating them to make investment decisions. Companies intending to offer securities to the public are required to fully disclose information about the affairs of the companies and the securities which are being offered, in the offering documents or prospectuses. For a public listed company, disclosure obligations are stipulated in the Listing Rules of the stock exchanges. Due Diligence In preparing the information to be disclosed to the public, directors of public companies must undertake a due diligence exercise to verify and ensure that the information to be released is accurate and timely. Due diligence is a process by which inquiries are conducted to ensure that information to be disclosed is true, sufficient and timely. Due care must also be given to ensure that there is no omission of material information. Material information is information which would reasonably be expected by rational investors to facilitate their investment decisions. Information that can affect the trading activities and prices of the companys securities must be released immediately. The onus then lies with the investor to consider and weigh the information provided before making decisions. Following amendments to the Securities Commission Act 1993 (SCA) in 1995, which placed a higher standard of responsibility on promoters, directors, and advisers in respect of disclosures, the Securities Commission released a publication on Due Diligence Practices in August 1996. The publication is intended to explain the importance of due diligence, especially given the criminal liabilities imposed on persons responsible for submission of proposals to the Securities Commission under section 32 of the SCA. In March 1999, another publication on Due Diligence Guidelines on Submission of Proposals to the Securities Commission was published. It was jointly issued by the Association of Merchant Banks in Malaysia, Federation of Public Listed Companies, MIA, MACPA and MAICSA. The publication, in detailing the due diligence process, the question whether 1) Who will be held responsible for conducting the due diligence? 2) Who should be included in a Due Diligence Working Group(DDWG)? 3) What should the terms of reference and role of the DDWG be? 4) What is the methodology used in conducting the due diligence exercise? The publication also includes a due diligence checklist for an initial public offering and sets out clearly the roles and responsibilities of the various parties involved in the exercise. Corporate Governance The timely, accurate and transparent disclosure of material information is an integral component of ensuring good corporate governance. Boards of directors of companies need to be open about the businesses they direct and this includes transparency in corporate activities and transactions. This is essential so that shareholders can exercise their rights constructively. However, they can only do so if they are provided the relevant information. Apart from compliance with laws and regulations that constitutes one aspect of ensuring that directors perform their fiduciary duties properly, there are also codes of best practices which the directors are expected to observe. Among the codes to be observed are The Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance, issued by the Finance Committee on Corporate Governance and The Company Directors Code of Ethics issued by the Registry of Companies.  [13]   Time Frame for Shift to DBR The shift to DBR takes effect over a period of five years under three phases, beginning in 1996, with full DBR expected to be achieved by the year 2001. An outline of the time frame and focus of the shift is set out below: Table 2: Time Frame for Shift from MBR to DBR

Ethical Issues of Human Test Subjects Essay -- Radioactive Technology

Ethical Issues of Human Test Subjects As we achieve burgeons of new technologies, we must also face the irreprehensible sacrifices. The old scientific adage reminds us that no trial can go without error. Many of the present day technologies may prove beneficial but the processes of development and discovery often come at high prices. Countless experiments have been conducted in the names of science and the advancement of mankind. Regardless of their outcomes, these experiments require some form of a test subject. Any life sustaining test subject has been the root of many ethical issues, with human test subjects being one of the most controversial. Granted the advantageous products of labor, the definition for what we, as moral humans, are willing to sacrifice still lays a little rough. One of many ethical dilemmas arises when we question as where to draw the line for human test subjects. Test subjects are not always guaranteed the safety of their outcomes and this generates a lot of debate to what extent we are prepared to tolerate for the sake of advancing technology. The past century has unveiled many new revels in science and technology. Nuclear technology is one of the more recent brinks of discovery. Over the past 60 years or so, scientists have been on a gold rush for the nuclear power. New elements were being discovered and the potentials of their peculiar characteristics drew in more and more people. Highly radioactive substances were being tested for their potencies at the subatomic level. The gain in this scurry for answers was partially politically charged, if not totally for educational purposes. The United States was amid the throng of countries entering the World War II. If one of the most ... ...ficiencies. This does not necessarily mean that the human resource can be misused. By maintaining a code of ethics in human experimentation, we can all advance forward. People should be willing to accept the risks involved in human experimentation, including death. Certain demographics or distinctions in people should not set them apart from a testing pool. With nuclear power and radioactivity as still relatively new ideas, the course of discovery has yet to be traveled. It is only up to us to be vigilant and consciously aware of our actions. References: 1.http://tis-nt.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap7_5.html 2.http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~shale/humanities/composition/assignments/experiment/fernald.html 3.http://the-tech.mit.edu/V114/N28/fernald.28n.html 4.http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/backgnd/exper/radhum.txt

Animal Cruelty Essay

Renà © Descartes, a famous philosopher, once argued that, â€Å"animals are not sentient- they are machines, like mechanical clocks, devoid of feelings and incapable of experiencing pleasure or pain† (Vaughn). Today, unlike Descartes, most people believe that animals are intrinsically or instrumentally valuable, also, whether they have or deserve any rights. Defining what cruelty is has been very subjective. To some people. An animal is just property and they can beat it around as much as they want, to others, animals are part of their family and they would never lay a finger on them. There is legislation against animal cruelty but because there is so much subjectivity, the legislation fails to deter people from abusing their animals. For there to be equal justice for animal cruelty people must agree on a completely objective definition of what is cruelty and what is not. see more:animal cruelty essay Legislation for animal cruelty varies state to stat. Ohio has laws for animal cruelty in general and a section for cruelty against companion animals. The law defines companion animals as â€Å"any animal that is kept inside a residential dwelling and any dog or cat regardless of where it is kept: (Ohio Cruelty). The law does not consider any livestock or wild animal as a companion animal. The legislation then goes into what it considers cruelty, torture, or neglect. The punishments outlined in the law include jail time, fines, and the removal of their animals. The one thing that is not counted for in this legislation is the emotional ties to the animal. Every person is emotionally attached to their animal in a different way. There is no real objective way to measure how much an animal means to a person. Just because a person is emotionally attached to their animal, that does not mean that they will not commit any act of cruelty against their animal. It is said that Michael Vick claimed to love his dogs even though he subjected them to fog fighting. It is possible that in him mind he truly believed he cared for his doffs. In less extreme cases, a person could love an animal but still strike it when it was bad, In their mind the dog was bad so it deserved to be beaten,. They just do not see that as being animal cruelty. Most people believe that it is wrong to be cruel to animals. Within  different societies, animals are treated differently. Depending on how and or where a person was raised, an animal could be a loved pet that is part of their family, or they could just treat it as property and a tool that is just there for their personal use. According to Ohio law if a person owns a dog then it is considered a companion animal, no matter if it is kept in their residential dwelling or not. IN one situation the owner keeps their dog in their house and it is a part of the family. They treat their dog like a baby, petting, playing, and cuddling with it. In another situation the owner keeps their fog outside and uses it as a watchdog. The only interaction with the dog is just checking to make sure it has food and water, and maybe a quick pat on the head, and gives it a â€Å"good dog† praise. It is quite easy to see that he first person loves their dog. It is not so easy to tell in the second si tuation. They may truly love their dog and that was how they were raised to treat it. They could also have emotional attachments to the dog, such as being proud, without really caring about the dog. Kind of like my dog is bigger than your dog pride. Within the law both situations are considered equal, even though they are unequal in the emotional attachment to their animals. Living in Ohio we are familiar with the Amish culture. They live a more simplistic life without modern technologies, usually farming. Amish are known for their horse-drawn buggies that they use to get around. They also use horses to help on the farm. To some of them, horses are merely a tool and once the horse gets too old and can no longer do what they need it to do, the kill it, To them that is just the way it is, they do not consider that being cruel, People outside the Amish lifestyle have tried to come in and rescue the horses so that they can continue to live, even though they cannot work anymore. Amish are also known for owning ‘Puppy Mills’. Puppy mills are breeding kennels in which dozens, or even hundreds, of dogs are allowed to live in small cages for their whole life, as long as they are given the basics, food, water, and shelter. (Puppy Mills) These mills are not illegal. Some of these Amish-owned [puppy mills treat their dogs very poorly. â€Å"The Amish say they raise dogs much as they would any other livestock, restricting the dogs  to small cages and killing the parents when they are no longer productive† (Hinds). To most people this sounds horrific because they consider them to be companions, not livestock. Animal cruelty is subjective, and that is why legislation is not working to stop it, there needs to be an objective measuring system to measure an animal’s current welfare. There is debate to what standards need to measure and of what weight to put on each of the standards. The one thing that is known is: â€Å"Defendable animal welfare standards require scientific knowledge about animal biology to determine their physiologic, health, environmental, an behavioral requirements. However it is important to note that ethical or value-based judgments provide the underpinning for the scientific questions posed† (Millman). By looking at an animal’s physical behavior, and other factors, and comparing them to the standards, the welfare of the animal can be determined. Millman was talking about measuring the welfare of livestock. The same theory can be applied to companion animals as well. If there are things that [people can look at to determine objectively that an animal is being related cruelly, then legislation will be able to be written that will apply to everyone and will work in every situation, no matter the emotional connection to the animal. Once there is an objective way to measure animal cruelty, the public need to be educated about it. IF more people know what exactly counts as animal cruelty, then they will be more likely to report it. Currently, shows like Animal Cops: Houston bring animal cruelty out of the shadows and show the public that animals are really being abused and that people do get punished for their actions. The Houston Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is just one of the numerous societies in the U.S. that are fighting against animal cruelty. It is said that â€Å"The HSPCA receives over 10,000 reports of animal cruelty or neglect each year† (About Animal Cops: Houston: Animal Planet). People need to be aware of animal abuse to be able to report it. â€Å"Without phone calls from concerned citizens, officials wouldn’t know about most instances of animal abuse. IT all comes from the public† (Maloney). Once people report cases than the people can actually be punished for their actions. In Ohio, Whoever violates the current animal abuse law can be convicted of a misdemeanor of several degrees, and possible a felony of a certain degree. The punishments include jail time and fines, along with the removal of the animal from the convicted person. Some people do not think that the current punishments are fair for the crimes committed. One study gave people different scenarios and asked them to rate the punishment that was given. The Study showed that people were speciesist and chose harsher punishments for abuse on certain animals like puppies as compared to other animals such as chickens. The study found that the most important factor of the punishment was restricting the perpetrator’s ability to adopt an animal in the future. The study also found that the crime type (abuse or neglect) and the crime outcome (life or death) were not strong variables of punishment ratings (Sims). In Some cases, the abuse or neglect of an animal was just because of ignorance. IN those cases the person usually would just be educated about the proper treatment of animals and would not be punished, unless they were found to have not changed and still committed the abuse even though they knew it was wrong. Each crime is different and is judge d by different people so the perpetrator’s punishment tends to vary a bit. IF there was an objective way of identifying animal cruelty then it would be easier to make punishments fairer. The key to fairly assessing animal cruelty is being able to objectively identify it. Once it becomes objective, emotional ties will not determine what is cruelly. People then need to be aware of what is considered animal cruelty and report it when the see it. After that the crime can be fairly punished.

Bylaws of Natural Health Essay

Section 1: Membership shall consist only of the Director/President, Jason Wilson. ARTICLE III – AMENDMENTS Section 1: These Bylaws may be amended when necessary. ARTICLE VI Restrictions on Actions 1. All the assets and earnings of the Corporation shall be used exclusively for its exempt purposes, including the payment of expenses incidental thereto. No part of any net earnings shall inure to the benefit of any employee of the Corporation or be distributed to its Directors, officers, or any private person. 2. Notwithstanding any other provision of these bylaws, the Corporation will not carry on any activities not permitted by an organization exempt under Section 501(c)(3), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law, or organizations whose contributions which are exempt under Section 170(c)(2), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. The Corporation shall have no capital stock, pay no dividends, distribute no part of its net income or assets to any Directors, Officers, and private property of the subscribers, Directors or Officers shall not be liable for the debts of the Corporation. 3. No substantial part of the Corporation’s activity shall be for the carrying on of a campaign of propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation. The Corporation shall not participate in any political campaign, will not engage in political campaigns or attempt to influence legislation or interfere with any political campaign on behalf or in opposition to any candidate for public office. 4. In particular, but not without limitation of the generality of the foregoing paragraph, during such time as the Corporation may be considered a private foundation as defined by Section 509(a), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law, it shall not: A. Fail to distribute its income for each taxable year at such time and in such manner as not to become subject to the tax on undistributed income imposed by Section 4942, Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. B. Engage in any act of self dealing as defined in Section 4941(d), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. C. Retain any excess business holdings as defined in Section 4943(c), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. D. Make any investment on such manner as to subject it to tax under Section 4944, Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. E. Make any taxable expenditures as defined in Section 4945(d), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. These bylaws were adopted on July 30, 2012. Jason Wilson, President

The Persian Gulf War Essays - IraqUnited States Relations

The Persian Gulf War Essays - IraqUnited States Relations The Persian Gulf War subject = U.S. History title = The Persian Gulf War The Persian Gulf War-the Feat of the Western Countries On August 2nd, 1990 Iraqi military forces invaded and occupied the small Arab state of Kuwait. The order was given by Iraqi dictatorial president Saddam Hussein. His aim was apparently to take control Kuwaits oil reserves (despite its small size Kuwait is a huge oil producer; it has about 10 per cent of the worlds oil reserves ). Iraq accused Kuwait, and also the United Arab Emirates, of breaking agreements that limit oil production in the Middle East. According to Saddam Hussein, this brought down world oil prices severely and caused financial loss of billions of dollars in Iraqs annual revenue. Saddam Hussein had the nearly hopeless task of justifying the invasion. He plead the fact that Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman province of Basra, a city in the south of Iraq. However, the Ottoman province collapsed after World War I and todays Iraqi borders were not created until then. There was also a further and more obvious blunder in a bid to justify this illegal invasion. Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, had namely recognized Kuwaiti independence in 1963. Furthermore, Hussein claimed that Kuwait had illegally pumped oil from the Iraqi oil field of Rumaila and otherwise conspired to reduce Iraqs essential oil income. By invading Kuwait, Iraq succeeded in surprising the entire world. The USA ended her policy of accommodating Saddam Hussein, which had existed since the Iran-Iraq war. Negative attitude toward Iraq was soon a worldwide phenomenon. The United Nations Security Council passed 12 resolutions condemning the invasion. The ultimate decision was to use military force if Iraq did not withdraw unconditionally by January 15, 1991. Then, when the deadline was set, it was time to start preparing for the worst-the war. President George Bush confronted little difficulty in winning Americans support for the potential war against Iraq. However, the government found it difficult to decide upon and state one overriding reason for going to war. Was it to oppose aggression or was it just to protect global oil supplies? Other powers were more directly concerned as consumers of Persian Gulf oil, but they were not as eager to commit military force, to risk their youth in battle and to pay for the costs of the war. Critics of President Bush continued to maintain that he was taking advantage of the issue of energy supplies in order to manipulate the U. S. public opinion in favor of war. After consulting with U. S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney in early August 1990, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia invited American troops onto Saudi soil. He had seen Kuwaits destiny; therefore, he wanted protection. It was also the interest of the USA to stop any further advantage of the Iraqi army. The deployment was called Operation Desert Shield. These troops were armed with light, defensive weaponry. On November 8, 1990 President Bush announced a military buildup to provide an offensive option, Operation Desert Storm, to force Iraq out of Kuwait. The preparation of the operation took two and a half months and it involved a massive air- and sea lift. Finally, in January 1991, the U. S. Congress voted to support Security Council resolution 660. It authorized using all necessary means if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15. Shrugging off this final warning, Saddam Hussein resolutely maintained the occupation of Kuwait. The United States established a broad-based international coalition to confront Iraq militarily and diplomatically. The military coalition consisted of Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The war also was financed by countries which were unable to send in troops. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait were the main donors. More than $53 billion was pledged and received. Before the war, it appeared obvious that Iraq would have very little chance against the Coalition. The relative strength between the parties was extremely unequal. The most critical difference was that the Coalition had a total of 2600 aircraft, over three times more than Iraqs 800 aircraft. Most Arab observers thought Hussein would not last more than six months. Lieutenant General Khalid bin Sultan, the commander of the Arab coalition forces, gave Iraqs leader only 40 days, and repeated this prediction many times. Iraqs

Origins of the Scientific Method Essay Example

Origins of the Scientific Method Essay Example Origins of the Scientific Method Essay Origins of the Scientific Method Essay It is only through the scientific method that the knowledge in the field of sciences can be verified.   Scientists must recognize that their assumptions and experience can be good sources for ideas, these ideas may be flawed. This is why scientists have to undergo the processes using scientific methods to validate both descriptions and explanations of phenomena in their discipline. Central to all scientific methods is the requirement that all propositions, or hypotheses, be subjected to empirical testing, and that this research be carried out in such a way that it can be observed, evaluated, and replicated by others. The four goals of scientific research are to: â€Å"(1) describe a phenomenon, (2) predict the occurrence of the phenomenon, (3) determine the origin or the causal event underlying this occurrence, and (4) explain the process creating or producing the phenomenon†. The scientific method provides a set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting this informa tion (Malakoff, 1999).The development of scientific method is history is quite vague. This is because while the scientific method may appear to be both a practical and logical method of investigating scientific phenomena, it actually took a considerable amount of time for the method to evolve into its current form (Grinell 1992, p. 15). During the time of the ancient Greeks, philosophers such as Aristotle did not employ experimentation to confirm their observations. Aristotle thought that â€Å"science is not mere description or the ability to predict on the basis of previous experience; the aim of science is causal explanation in the interest of understanding†. However, Aristotle based his â€Å"scientific explanation† to consist intelligible ideas without any experimental basis (Dougherty, 2006). In fact, the great Greek philosophers believed that observation alone, without the support of either experiments or mathematics, was satisfactory enough to understand the re ality of the world around them.Relying merely on observation as â€Å"scientific thinking† persisted for centuries. It was not until the Renaissance period in Europe, and a resurgence of an interest in invention, science, and discovery, that scientists began to mathematically and experimentally question the world around them. One of the first documented uses of experimentation to confirm observations was by William Gilbert in 1600. Gilbert was a prominent physician of his time who became interested in applying the principles of magnetism to medicine. In a book entitled De Magnete (The Magnet) Gilbert outlined a detailed inductive investigative approach to explain the use of magnets in medicine. The results of his studies had far-reaching implications on science. His research on magnetism provided the foundation for studies well into the 18th century (Windelspecht, 2002, p. 208).Most readings generally attribute the use of scientific method to Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Actu ally, there is an anecdote how Galileo formulated the scientific method. As the story goes, the young boy Galileo moved with his family to Florence, the heart of Renaissance culture. When he was 17, he left for the University of Pisa to study medicine, a career his father, a none-too-wealthy mathematician, had encouraged Galileo to enter. While in Pisa one day, young Galileo was sitting in the cathedral when he noticed the pendulum swing of the beautiful chandelier that hung from the ceiling. Already more attuned to observing and pondering the mysteries of nature than attending to the philosophical abstractions of religious ritual, he became engrossed with the motion of the chandeliers swing. Timing it against his pulse, he noticed that, for as long as he watched it, the chandelier completed the same number of swings in the same number of pulse beats. The arc of pendulum swings might become shorter as time passed, but the elapsed time from the beginning of one swing to the beginning of the next always remained the same. Later, at home, Galileo pushed the point further. To verify his observations he set up a simple set of experiments. He tried pendulums tied with weights of different sizes. He made them swing in wide arcs, in medium arcs, and in small arcs, always timing against his pulse (the best time measurement he had at that point). The number of swings in a given length of time never varied unless he changed the length of the string (Drake, 2001, p. 33-34).What Galileo found was the basis about movement and dynamics. But even more important was the method he used to conduct his small experiment: Instead of just reasoning his ideas through logically, in the manner of the ancient Greek philosophers and most of his contemporaries- the scientists or â€Å"natural philosophers† of his day- he measured time and distance and introduced mathematics into physics. Then he tested and proved his point by experiment.It turned out that anyone could repeat Galile o’s experiment and get the same results- another principle that became key to the â€Å"scientific method.† Although others including Francis Bacon and William Gilbert had championed this method, Galileo was really the first who consistently used this repeatable and verifiable approach. He intentionally designed his experiments so that they could be easily reproduced and verified. More importantly, Galileo had used mathematical principles to solve problems of the physical world. This combination of the deductive and inductive processes was the true beginning of the modern scientific method. Despite criticism from colleagues, Galileo continued this method of scientific inquiry in his future studies on the laws of motion.Finally, the scientific method came into full circle when Isaac Newton used it. Isaac Newton was considered by many to be the driving force behind the scientific revolution of the 17th century. In scientific methodology, Newton built on the foundations o f scientific thought presented by Galileo, Gilbert, and Bacon.   In 1687, as part of a landmark physics publication entitled Principia Mathematica, Newton outlined the basis for scientific thought that persists to this day. The major premises presented by Newton firmly established the link between mathematics, including the new mathematics of calculus, and analytical thought. In his method, Newton did not simply support his statements with philosophical thought. Newton put forth the idea that the results of experimentation and observation should be considered to be accurate until disproved by scientific processes. By using the experimental principles set forth by Galileo, Newton used the scientific method to examine the universal laws of nature. The combination of deductive mathematics and inductive experimental reasoning proved to be a successful combination for Newton and through his success found application in all scientific disciplines (Harper, 2002, p. 174-175).At present, t he scientific method is essential in any scientific undertaking. It is an essential process according to which scientists assimilate the existing information, usually by studying scientific journals and other professional publications. Then they develop testable hypotheses. They design and carry out the research necessary to test this hypothesis. Finally they write up their results as a scientific report. Following peer review, the report may be published in the technical literature. In this way, it fertilizes the body of scientific knowledge for the benefit of humankind.

Answers to Reader Questions About Hyphens

Answers to Reader Questions About Hyphens Answers to Reader Questions About Hyphens Answers to Reader Questions About Hyphens By Mark Nichol Questions about hyphens come up often in correspondence from Daily Writing Tips readers. I’ve answered a few of the queries here. 1. Should â€Å"higher cost† and â€Å"higher earning† be hyphenated in â€Å"replace higher cost funding and â€Å"repurpose collateral into higher earning assets†? Yes, to clarify that you’re referring to funding that is higher cost, not cost funding that is higher, and assets that are higher earning, not earning assets that are higher, hyphenate in both cases. (Even though â€Å"cost funding† and â€Å"earning assets† are not standing phrases, the hyphens help readers avoid being distracted by reading them that way.) 2. I would have expected some nagging [in this post] about the hyphen; would it not be better to have torch-bearer or torchbearer [in place of â€Å"torch bearer†]? You’re right I used the correct form of torchbearer in my commentary but neglected to notice and note that the tattoo incorrectly styles the word as an open compound. I guess I was distracted. Treatment of various open compounds with a common element aren’t necessarily consistent: One who bears a torch is a torchbearer, but one who bears a standard is a standard-bearer, and one who bears an ensign (essentially the same as a standard) is an ensign bearer. It’s nearly unbearable. 3. Nice list [of reduplicative doublets]. I’m intrigued some of them are hyphenated and some not. I wonder what the deciding factor is for that. Good point about the hyphenation; I should have included a note about that. Because English has never had a body that regulates standards, inclusion or exclusion of hyphens in such constructions, as in many other language matters, is arbitrarily and inconsistently based on a variety of factors. 4. Given your recent article on possessives, I wanted to write in with a question. There is typically a notice period of thirty, sixty, or ninety days required before an investor is allowed to redeem. How does one state this? I’ve seen it as â€Å"ninety days’ notice† (as if the notice belonged to the ninety days) and â€Å"ninety days notice.† I typically restate it as â€Å"ninety day notice period† to avoid this ambiguity, but then I’m not sure if that should properly be â€Å"ninety-day† or if the dash is not needed. The correct form is â€Å"ninety days’ notice (meaning â€Å"notice of ninety days†). The phrase is written in the genitive case, in which a noun modifies another noun, usually in the form of one noun possessing the other (â€Å"ninety days notice† is common but incorrect). If you continue to use your alternative phrasing, a hyphen should connect ninety and days â€Å"ninety-day notice period† but I recommend â€Å"ninety days’ notice.† 5. Thanks for the funny signs [link to post]! â€Å"Shouldn’t â€Å"ill advised’ and ‘well educated’ have been hyphenated in your examples? Phrasal adjectives such as the ones you mentioned, often hyphenated before a noun, should be styled without a hyphen when they follow the noun. Here’s a post about that particular point; you’ll find more posts about phrasal adjectives by searching for that phrase on this site. Note: Many Daily Writing Tips readers ask questions about various language issues in the comment field for a post, while others send queries as an email message to the site. We welcome your notes, but please comment rather than email; that way, other site visitors will be able to read your questions and my responses as well as notes from other readers. (I try to answer all specific requests for information or clarification or refer readers to existing applicable content, though sometimes I rely on other readers to weigh in on comments.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionGrammatical Case in English

Bhagavad Gita or The Divine Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bhagavad Gita or The Divine Song - Essay Example A majority of the sacred texts or scriptures have been composed in the Sanskrit language and are commonly classified into two classes, Sruti and Smriti. Sruti means that which has been heard. Vedas which are the earliest record of the Hindu scriptures belong to this class. Hindu texts other than the Shrutis are collectively called the Smritis which means "memory". The most notable among the Smritis are the epics such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The Bhagavad Gita is a part of the Mahabharata can be considered as belonging to the Smriti class. On the other hand, many consider Gita as a Sruti because its contents are quite ancient and have been taken from the Upanishads. In fact, the Bhagavad Gita is also known as the Gitopanishad. Incidentally, in Ch. 4 of the Gita there is a mention about the knowledge in the Gita being very ancient and traditionally being transmitted orally, implying that Gita is a Sruti. The Bhagavad Gita is one of the most sacred scriptures and for Hindus, it is an authoritative work on the fundamental philosophy of Hinduism. Scriptures can be defined as texts that are considered sacred by religions and are of central importance to religions. Many religions believe that scriptures are texts that have been inspired by the divine. Bhagavad Gita is a scripture if you consider these parameters. It is sacred to the Hindus; it is an inspirational dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna. It is central to Hindu philosophy. The Gita has two main topics: yoga-sastra and brahma-vidya.

Does relaying on rats testing proofs that the chemical BPA can cause Research Paper

Does relaying on rats testing proofs that the chemical BPA can cause human effect if yes or no how - Research Paper Example s who believe that rats do not share enough similarities with humans to provide proof of the effects that chemicals such as BPA will have on the human body. The following annotated bibliography explores the use of rats in testing with the endocrine disrupter BPA to show that rat testing can be useful in ascertaining the effects of chemicals on the human body. Ashby, J, and H Tinwell. ‘Uterotrophic Activity of Bisphenol A in the Immature Rat.’ Environmental Health Perspectives 106.11 (1998): 719–720. Print. This original research article explores the effects of BPA on the immature rat uterus. This study has been mentioned within a lot of the secondary sources within this bibliography, and therefore should be included. It was featured in a peer-reviewed journal, which means the results are reliable. It provides the evidence that BPA has a toxic effect on rats, although it does not illustrate whether this is useful when considering the human effect. Diel, Patrick et al. ‘Ability of Xeno- and Phytoestrogens to Modulate Expression of Estrogen-sensitive Genes in Rat Uterus: Estrogenicity Profiles and Uterotropic Activity’. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 73.1–2 (2000): 1–10. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. This original research article explores the effect of BPA and other xenoestrogens on the rat uterus. Like many of the other studies, it does not provide data from human studies for direct comparison, but conclusions are drawn, which suggests that the results are reliable enough for this journal. Many of the studies focus on the uterine effects, although there are effects on males as well as other physiological effects. Gupta, Ramesh C. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Academic Press, 2011. Print. One of the most prominent effects that have been suggested by animal and human studies are developmental and reproductive. This book is an exploration of the toxic effects of many compounds on the reproductive and early developmental

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 57

Case study - Essay Example This needs a consent and disclosure form that should be separate from all job application form. The list of present and past addresses is the foundation for a systematic background check. Knowing where the person has lived is crucial for deciding where to search for criminal records and looking for time gaps as well, and mismatches of location compared to the information given by the applicant. An individual’s social security number (SSN) gets  given between their first job (victor, 2010). Hence, an SSN validation one can know if the applicant has a particular SSN one gave or the applicant is lying. The best searches for criminal background get carried out at person counties since there is no centralized entity to control every criminal record. One of the reason is the likelihood of getting criminal record is high in an individual’s present county residence because several crimes take place near their work or home. County searches are useful since misdemeanors and felonies normally get prosecuted at county courts court, and their results may not be reported to the state. Victor (2010) states, Background checks should get offered before employment. This is due to the sensitivity of the information in the applicant reports and particular records. To avoid getting information that would discriminate against the applicant, they are free to know where the origin of information used against them. Also, they should consent before the employer obtains a credit report. How to carry out background checks online: research and choose a company to conduct background checks on the applicants. Register for the website. Then request background checks. Once one clears registration, start requesting for background checks from the company by putting pertinent data for the applicant as prompted (Victor, 2010). It is risky since one

Scientific Realism & Anti-realism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Scientific Realism & Anti-realism - Assignment Example The â€Å"no miracles argument† is an argument for realism that states that there are unobservable â€Å"entities† in the world that can be used to influence the observable world. Just because one cannot observe everything does not mean that it does not exist. What happens in the observable world proves the existence and can allow one to predict the behavior of the unobservable. A theory is â€Å"empirically successful† if it has to be shown to make â€Å"excellent predictions about the behavior of objects in the observable world†. Inherently unobservable phenomena, such as the changes an electron undergoes in an atom when moving from a high to lower energy-state in lasers, which scientists then apply to technology that is functionally based on the repeatable results of the experiments define theories that are empirically successful. Realists use the theory to confirm the existence of the unobservable world and to make predictions about its reliability, proposing that if a theory is empirically successful that it must be true based on the results of repeated observations. Anti-realists refer to a number of theories based on empirically successful experimentation that science has later proven false. The anti-realist position is that as science becomes more sophisticated and uncovers ways to observe more of the world, more of the unknown becomes known. The â€Å"no clear difference† argument proposes that there is no clear delineation between the observable and unobservable world. Another argument for realism, this argument indicates that if the line cannot be drawn so that it is easily understood, that more is observable than the anti-realists readily assume.

Entrepreneural process paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneural process paper - Essay Example This therefore implies that every stage in the entrepreneur process is important for any business to succeed and entrepreneurs should have an understanding of the process before venturing in any business. Some stages in the process do appear to be more important than the other stages. The truth is that each phase is as important as other phases and that each phase must be completed in a systematic manner in order for the business venture to be a success. The first phase for implementation is identifying and evaluating a business opportunity. Secondly, the entrepreneur should develop a business plan then access the available resources to start the business and lastly manage the newly established business (Henry & De, 2011). Each of the phases is analyzed below in order of their importance. Identifying and evaluating a business opportunity The phase is also referred to as the business innovation model. This stage is viewed as the most important as no business venture can start without an idea. Identifying a opportunity is not that easy since an individual must analyze carefully identify an existing gap in the market (Baron & Shane, 2008). At this stage, you identify a need that exists and formulate a model on how best you can satisfy the need. Entrepreneurs should answer questions on the existing market by conducting a market research. You should analyze the audience that is likely to purchase the product. Thereafter, you should carefully screen the audience’s feedback on acceptance or rejection of the new product. In case an entrepreneur wishes to introduce an existing product, he or she should analyze the existing competition and the market penetration strategies may be adopted. Additionally, at the identification stage, one should determine he or she would need patent rights to protect his or her innovation (Baron & Shane, 2008). Completion of the identification of a business opportunity paves way for evaluation of the opportunity. This is the most impo rtant element in the whole entrepreneur process as it will enable the entrepreneur decide on whether to venture into the new business or abandon it. It enables him or her to compare the projected returns and the required resources for the investment (Kuratko, 2009). The evaluation process accesses the duration of the opportunity, its perceived and real value, the returns and risks associated, whether the venture fits the goals and skills of the entrepreneur as well as its uniqueness in creating a competitive advantage in the competitive environment. The estimated market size and the duration in which the opportunity may exist provide the basis of accessing the rewards and risks. The risk reflects the capital employed, the market, technology and the competition involved. The capital required is often used as the basis for evaluating the returns and risks (Fayolle, 2007). A viable business opportunity should promise high returns than the amount of money invested and should have low ri sks. Additionally, it should be able to make higher returns in a short of time after establishment. The goals and personal skills of an entrepreneur should fit the opportunity. It is important that the entrepreneur dedicate his or her time and effort for the business to be a success. Although most people start a business and hope that the

Employment, labor and anti-discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Employment, labor and anti-discrimination - Essay Example 1). Applying this law in the case of Sam who works as a driver for Toxic Games Warehouse, a wholesale distributor and online retailer of video games and accessories, he could in fact file a complaint with the EEOC for his employer’s repeated denial of promotions to the position of dispatcher for no valid reasons. As indicated,. Sam meets the requirements for the job, which are a years driving experience and a specific license. Therefore, it is obvious that the employer violates this law by discriminating against Sam and denying his promotions. Likewise, by virtue of this law, when Sam files his complaint with the EEOC, his employer could not retaliate since there were no legal and valid grounds for refusing Sam to be promoted, as applied. Having worked for Toxic Games Warehouse for 10 consecutive years, in conjunction with the skills he possess which are needed for the next higher level position, should make Sam more than just qualified to be promoted to the next higher

Entrepreneural process paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneural process paper - Essay Example This therefore implies that every stage in the entrepreneur process is important for any business to succeed and entrepreneurs should have an understanding of the process before venturing in any business. Some stages in the process do appear to be more important than the other stages. The truth is that each phase is as important as other phases and that each phase must be completed in a systematic manner in order for the business venture to be a success. The first phase for implementation is identifying and evaluating a business opportunity. Secondly, the entrepreneur should develop a business plan then access the available resources to start the business and lastly manage the newly established business (Henry & De, 2011). Each of the phases is analyzed below in order of their importance. Identifying and evaluating a business opportunity The phase is also referred to as the business innovation model. This stage is viewed as the most important as no business venture can start without an idea. Identifying a opportunity is not that easy since an individual must analyze carefully identify an existing gap in the market (Baron & Shane, 2008). At this stage, you identify a need that exists and formulate a model on how best you can satisfy the need. Entrepreneurs should answer questions on the existing market by conducting a market research. You should analyze the audience that is likely to purchase the product. Thereafter, you should carefully screen the audience’s feedback on acceptance or rejection of the new product. In case an entrepreneur wishes to introduce an existing product, he or she should analyze the existing competition and the market penetration strategies may be adopted. Additionally, at the identification stage, one should determine he or she would need patent rights to protect his or her innovation (Baron & Shane, 2008). Completion of the identification of a business opportunity paves way for evaluation of the opportunity. This is the most impo rtant element in the whole entrepreneur process as it will enable the entrepreneur decide on whether to venture into the new business or abandon it. It enables him or her to compare the projected returns and the required resources for the investment (Kuratko, 2009). The evaluation process accesses the duration of the opportunity, its perceived and real value, the returns and risks associated, whether the venture fits the goals and skills of the entrepreneur as well as its uniqueness in creating a competitive advantage in the competitive environment. The estimated market size and the duration in which the opportunity may exist provide the basis of accessing the rewards and risks. The risk reflects the capital employed, the market, technology and the competition involved. The capital required is often used as the basis for evaluating the returns and risks (Fayolle, 2007). A viable business opportunity should promise high returns than the amount of money invested and should have low ri sks. Additionally, it should be able to make higher returns in a short of time after establishment. The goals and personal skills of an entrepreneur should fit the opportunity. It is important that the entrepreneur dedicate his or her time and effort for the business to be a success. Although most people start a business and hope that the

Describe the effects of the Blitz on everyday life in Britain Essay Example for Free

Describe the effects of the Blitz on everyday life in Britain Essay At 4:56pm on 7 September 1940, the air raid sirens wailed as the German Air Force, the Luftwaffe launched a massive raid on London.Over 350 bombers flew across the Channel from airfields in France and dropped 300 tonnes of bombs all over Britain. This caused a lot of problems for the people of Britain. The aim of the Blitz was to break the morale of the British people by destroying their homes, their source of transport and industry. In London the docks were attacked regularly and across Britain the Luftwaffe also tried to hit railway lines and junctions, power stations and ports. People’s daily routines were also ruined. Because of the lack of availability of food, the Government were forced to ration the small amounts of food that was left in the whole of the UK, which left very many people with virtually nothing. Bacon 6oz, cheese 4oz, dried milk 4 pints a week and dried eggs 12 every eight weeks. This is just a small fraction of what the government had to ration. In the morning queue would be everywhere and anyone would stand in one queue just to see what was selling. Hopefully it was food. The government took a number of steps to try and protect people. They ordered a total blackout at night to make sure that none of the bombers could see them. All windows would have to be covered by thick black curtains; street and vehicle lights were shielded of dimmer. It was known as an offence if light was shown, because even the smallest amount of light could tell the Germans were to bomb. Every night an inspector would come and make sure that each house was covered up properly and if it was not, a fine would be issued and the owners would fix the problem. Everyone was also given a gas mask in case the Germans were to drop a gas bomb anywhere. Throughout the whole time, 31% of the population got no sleep at all, 32% got less than 4 hours and a mere 22% got 4-6 hours sleep. This caused a lot of problems for people who were working. Workers were falling asleep at their stations and even more were fired because they kept on arriving late to work. However, the people who did make it to work, never gave up they were determined to carry on. Shopkeepers covered their smashed windows with plywood and put up notices saying ‘business and usual’, to show that nothing had stopped them from running their lives. Transport was still running, even though there was a lot less. Postmen and milkmen marched through the rubble to make their deliveries, Clergymen held regular services in bombed churches, bomb sites were used as pen-air concerts and dances and many theatres, music halls and cinemas stayed open throughout the whole war. Even though people were moving on with their lives, over 1.4 million people had lost their homes and many had their friends killed or badly injured by the Blitz. This drove many people to theft. They would break into bombed factories and steal whatever they thought would have a value for money. They would then sell these items on for as much as they could and use that money to buy food if they could find it. If anyone was caught, the punishment was death. Even though there were two million Anderson shelters produced in the early years of the First World War, many people had no shelters to stay in while the bombs were taking place. Many people moved in with family and friends where as others went to underground stations and stayed in the tunnels all night. They would stop the trains and the escalators from running so that people could sleep down there without any injuries. These tunnels gave the population the encouragement that they needed. Many people got a lot of sleep down there and even more were getting used to the bombs. However, the government were scared that people might not come back up again, because they were too scared, and tried to stop them, but each night up to 60,000 would demand to go down into the tunnels for protection. In the end the government gave up. So the Salvation Army and the Women’s Voluntary Service ran shuttle services of buns and drinks from station to station to keep them alive. Others would stay at home and hide in a Morrison’s shelter that was attached to the dining room table, or even hide under the stairs because they were designed to carry a heavy weight. Day after day, night after night, so many fire services fought to control the many fires that were going on. Not including the regular fire services, there were 60,000 volunteers in the Auxiliary fire service. Many were on duty for two days in a row and had very little chance to get some sleep. Fire fighters were under constant heat and falling buildings, not to mention the falling bombs the surrounded them. They ran out of water quick because the bombs would hit the main pipe lines. There were also not enough fire trucks so people would have to run to the fire and hope to God that there was a water supply nearby. As people were pulling together and relying on themselves more, community sprit had increased so much throughout the whole of the Blitz. People went straight into action as soon as they heard the bombs going off. People helped the ambulances and the fire department. The heavy rescue squad used ropes and chains to clear away the rubble and then doctors and nurses would then run in and pull people out. To sum up, many people’s lives had been ruined. Loss of family and friend, the loss of their homes, but people really did turn things around. The community really did join together to stick through the whole problem.

Management In Hsbc Uk Plc Management Essay

Management In Hsbc Uk Plc Management Essay Leadership is one of the complex roles in the corporate society, it is a complete connection of power and management .Leadership and Management are the two branches of one tree, where management is more related to goal or result driven practices and whereas the leadership is to take with the employment driven work. Therefore leadership and management both are requiring to give a company is effective foundation. Leadership is more of an individual power, whereas the management is to understand the requirements of the employees and get them satisfaction in achievements. Leadership can be explained with few theories .in the following sections it will briefly described: Transformational Theory (Leadership Style) Transactional Theory (Management Style) HSBC UK PLC is been very clear toward its way its treat its customer, owners and shareholders. The leadership in HSBC is not only providing stable environment for the employees but also for the communities .HSBC key principle is key business value The way the management work is to get and deliver the best. To expect and demand the best result from the employees. The leadership in HSBC has four main pillars, which has not only made them very competitive but also highly motivated. The four pillars of HSBC are following: COMMITMENTS LOYALTY HARDWORK INTEGRITY HSBC has a clear view of the outcome from the employee .HSBC UK PLC believe in high productivity through highly committed team. The team in HSBC will always be very productive ,loyal to the company and highly professional.Therfore the steps taken by the management and the team leaders are well supported by the team members and well appreciated it not only that they feel sense of achievement in their respective work. HSBC has a transparent process for the team members to provide them support in the work by listening and then getting feedback from them. Thus through this leadership style there is an absolute increase the performance and day to day productivity. In the following parts of the report it is the purpose to provide elaborate analysis of the factors affecting the leadership and management style in HSBC UK PLC. ANALYSIS OF THE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT STYLES IN THE HSBC UK PLC The time and the decade we living in right now is very fascinating as there is so much changing, when there is everything being asked for a reason, challenging environment. Where the long history of banks culture and ideas has been brought to the table and been re-think and turned. Most of the issues are been co-related to the leadership style, there is a big relation between a company progress and the leadership style they adapt. At the moment HSBC is been facing so much challenges, where there is a huge uncertainties and great risk in everything. The current environment has so many challenges with European debt and future of euro fading. There are largely necessary action has been taken by the HSBC to resolve things and to make it less volatile. These effect the key role of the leadership and management in HSBC ,with so many challenges comes every day to them, its hard for a leader in HSBC to make decision which will not only affects its position in market but also stockholders. Currently the leadership style is to follow the mood of the public rather than taking a survey of them, they giving them what they like .The current situation is to play with the emotions with the public and hence getting the results . They are few key things which a leader and management in HSBC UK PLC have particular influences: Stockholders FSA(Financial Service Authority) Customers Staff Environment/ politics The stockholders are been equally take care of and also the regulators has been given enough details of the operations. It has helped them to create equity and security for a disaster time, the key area of management in HSBC UK is to reduce the risk equality in each case. Where they can increase liquidity and decrease the toxic assets. There are few hurdles also but with the right management and leadership going on it wont be talk of the past soon. Though they are few points mentioning which included giving out more information to each staff, so that they can become more expertise about the field and can reduce risk and not to forget the important part is to check the stress of the employee with the HSBC UK history. It has always given priority to its employee though few more points like communication and transparency between the team is equally essential. It has a become a primary goal of the leaders and management in HSBC UK to constrain the problems and deal it with more critical and suitable way. The objective has become more growth oriented and need adequate support of each employee. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN HSBC UK PLC HSBC UK PLC was first incorporated in England and wales in 1990 and its headquarter is here in London since 1993.The headquarters was in Hong Kong before till 1992 when it was forced to move out because of acquisition with in recent past it has acquired few acquisitions in china getting its few connection back. In the year 2002 it came up with a campaign which has USP with its all competitors The world local bank. HSBC PLC has around 1000 branches throughout uk and also have presence in Ireland and wales.HSBC also is the first bank in uk to provide assistance in lending with Islamic law of sharia ,which doesnt allow the bank to charge any interest which is called HSBC AMANAH . During all these operation and function leaders and management has a critical role to play. They have to go through various factors. In this we are going to talk about the two factors: Internal Elements External Elements INTERNAL ELEMENTS In HSBC UK PLC it is been affected with the internal factors, which has employees, team leaders and the culture with the office. There are other factors too but as a leaders and management there are few specific factors which affects them. These are the following elements: Corporate culture within the office Policies Ethics Structures CORPORATE CULTURE: In HSBC is move of value and beliefs that they want everyone to commit. As mentioned before the HSBC like to keep the best employee and treat them as family. The culture in HSBC is to support and understand the employee also to give them the opportunity to grow there carrier, they also have high rate modality in which performance is based on. POLICIES: The leaders and managements makes sure that the policies been driven by the company are clearly symbolization of their culture. The management in HSBC has always made sure that there policies are very transparent and each and every product should be designed in such a way that it is very easy, understandable and fair for customers. ETHICS: In HSBC the leaders take ethics way of controlling and stabilizing the bank values and beliefs. The leadership style is much more and everyone gets to say there ideas, They believe in brainstorming to get better results which will not only bring efficiency in the results but also marks the personality of the employee. STRUCTURE : The structure in HSBC UK PLC is quite higharchial .The leaders and management decides how much and what kind of information will be passed through the organisation and also determines the responsibility of each departments and there responsibility and who is responsible in making decisions .Though it has very horizontal structure. The management has always helps the employee to get better out in the competition of best or the survival of the fittest. EXTERNAL ELEMENTS : In HSBC UK PLC external elements are factors that influence the decisions of the leaders and managements in the bank. It also depends upon the success of their hard work. External elements can be break down into following: TECHNOLOGY POLITICS CURRENT ECONOMY COMPETETIONS In HSBC UK PLC technology is the main stream to connect with customers also it helps them provide better service. The leaders in HSBC UK PLC has made sure they are always up to date with the technology .Therefore the customers can access to all services, the online banking systems with also password protected keypads is a great example of the technology used by HSBC UK PLC. The HSBC UK PLC has grown so much in past years and it has so much more to do and to achieve that it also has to go through regulation, which are been govern by FSA .FSA has very very strict regulation and legal framework with which HSBC is been following through there is been news that in some of the countries there is been some illegal activities but for which HSBC has put up investigation on tithe HSBC UK PLC policies and terms has been drawn in taking government regulation in Banking. Economy is also has a huge influence in HSBC UK Plc., the inflation, adverse effect worldwide has strong impact on the organistaion.The interest rate has great effect on UK, which also brings all uncertainties in the final outcomes of HSBC UK PLC results but with all these conditions HSBC UK PLC has to take all its competition from all banks, which at the moment HSBC UK PLC leaders and management has made good deal and produce very good results. CONCLUSIONS From the finding and analysis it can be concluded that leadership and management in HSBC UK PLC is most essential and strongest bond that has hold it in banking and financial organisation world. It has moved to all over to UK and operates a full service bank, with really effective and efficient leadership and quality managements the value and beliefs has been driven tremendously brilliant .The higharchy in the bank has also given a sense of satisfaction and feeling of loyalty toward the company. The employee has work very effectively and hence producing great result. The HSBC UK PLC has done their job very well in keeping company aims, vision, goals and objectives alive. There is uniqueness in leadership and management in HSBC UK PLC that is they always think of future and they are very sustainable about their future here, starting from small to large business investments. Therefore with growing completion and challenges the HSBC leadership needs to be connected to the inside operation of the company. Eventually it will affect the outcome of the organisation. It is also important for the leaders to manage more on employees by keeping them informed but also giving them more knowledge about global industry .By doing this the management will have more knowledge about their employee and can giving exact decision of what to be done for the employee to keep them motivated and satisfied and as mentioned above the culture will play a crucial part in defining efficiency of organisation. HSBC UK plc. is a garden of different beautiful culture ,if it not been passed orderly it could result in disaster .Therefore proper action should be taken that employee from the different culture are taken seriously. Hence the HSBC UK PLC will improve its position and sustainability.

Jean-Louis David and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay -- History Art Artwor

Jean-Louis David + Jean-Jacques Rousseau Question : In what ways and to what extent is an understanding of historical context important in approaching the works of (a) David and (b) Rousseau? "The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons", is a painting by the French artist Jean-Louis David in 1789. Having led the fight which overthrew the monarchy and established the Roman Republic. Brutus tragically saw his sons participate in a plot to restore the monarchy. As a judge, he was called upon to render the verdict, and without hesitation condemned his two sons to death. The full title of this work is "Brutus Returning Home after having Sentenced his Sons for Plotting a Tarquinian Restoration and Conspiring against Roman Freedom; the Lictors brint there Bodies to be Buried." In 1789, for Jean-Louis David to bring up such a subject was majorly controversial and reveals how deeply committed the artist was to the new ideas and enlightement principals. Indeed, had the revolution not occured, this picture could never have been exhibited publicly. After the fall of the bastille, David's pictures were seen as a republican manifesto, and greatly raised David's reputation In order to fully understand David's artwork, it is important to posess a certain amount of historical knowledge on the various events that took place during the artists career, mainly the French Revolution. Behind each of his paintings is a story of historical importance. However, it is also very likely that David's paintings were often misinterpreted simply due to the fact that someone didn't fully grasp the significance of the artwork. Like "The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons", as recorded by the Roman historian Livy, David's paintings covered many different historical era's. "The Death of Marat", 1793, is more simplistic and intense. David was in active sympathy with the Revolution, his majestic historical paintings, ("The Oath of Horatii", "Death of Socrates", and "Brutus's sons") were hailed as artistic demands for political action. He orchestrated the great festival of the people on 14 July 1790, and designed uniforms, banners, triumphal arches, and inspirational props for the Jacobin club's propaganda. David was president of the Jacobin club on the day that his good friend and fellow Jacobin, Jean-Paul Marat was killed by a young Royalist who... ...y as Jean-Louis David and his paintings. Both these influential people helped to ignite a passion amongst the French general public and change French politics. Looking at Rousseau's idea for government seems unacceptable or impossible to us, however, his idea, which was prominent in the revolution, that sovereignty resides with the people, that "man is born free". Both Rousseau and democracy preserve the idea that government is legitimate only if it emerges from us. Jean-Louis David's form of neoclassical paintings which are difficult to seperate from their political and social context, were very different from the traditional paintings of the era. When looking at David's artwork one must acknowledge how artistic concerns were bound up with broader social issues. Many of his paintings bear strong symbolic political references. In order to read, think like Rousseau or understand the true meaning behind David's artwork one must possess, from a historical context, knowledge on the French Revolution, how different French society and culture was and information regarding each artists background, for example, who they were, and what they meant to the general public of that time.

Ethics of Affirmative Action Essay -- Ethics Morals

Affirmative Action: Staying on the Road to Equality â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness† (Declaration of Independence, 1776). Who would imagine that in a country under the blanket such a brilliant, ethical and proud statement of equality, there could be so much dissention about equality? Our nation has interpreted this statement differently since it was written, and still, more than two hundred years later, we are on the road to a truly equal society. This is because racism has its seeds deeply sown into the history of America. Uprooting perceptions of peoples who are dominant and peoples who are inferior has been a long process, from the Emancipation Proclamation to affirmative action. It is important that we stay on this road to equality for all, and keep affirmative action up and running.Affirmative action has its roots in racism as a remedy to it , and racism has its roots all the way back in the colonial and imperial era. Europeans began discovering other continents in the fifteenth century, and with new continents came new ways of making money. Different European countries began to scramble to acquire colonies where they could sell goods, exploit labor, and export slaves and raw materials for cheap prices. Almost all of Africa became colonialized, with different European powers claiming control over sections of Africa, and soon colonialism spread to many new places that were discovered: the Americas, the Middle East, and later Asia and the Pacific Islands. In the process of colonialism, the Europeans were taking advantage of the resour... ...hat happens when we level the playing field? â€Å"No school that has scrapped its affirmative action program has seen minority enrollment return fully to affirmative action levels† (Kranz 26). The ultimate goal is to see minorities represent their population in education and in the work force, and at this point, to attain that goal, it is more ethical to retain the policy of affirmative action than to eliminate it. In the words of Peter Singer, â€Å"In the absence of more promising alternatives it seems worth a try† (51). Works Cited * Kranz, Rachel. â€Å"Affirmative Action.† Facts on File, Inc., 2002. * Murray, Charles. â€Å"Affirmative Racism.† The New Republic, 1984. * Rachels, James. â€Å"The Elements of Moral Philosophy,† Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 2003. Singer, Peter. â€Å"Practical Ethics,† Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.

Hair Weaving The Mathematical Connection

This survey examines the mathematics behind hair weaving. The observation is conducted in a little salon in Decatur, Georgia. The stylist utilizations math on a day-to-day footing. The range of the mathematics in this survey is merely focused on a little facet that occurs daily in a salon. The mathematics that is involved includes: fractals, transmutation, perimeter, numeration, appraisal, anticipation, measuring, ratios, angles, and add-on. In add-on, the survey demonstrates the importance of utilizing civilization in the schoolroom, and literature that has successfully implemented activities affecting hair gold braid and other African parts.Context of the StudyIntegrating civilization into schoolrooms is really of import. One pattern that is common in the African American civilization is hair lacing and hair weaving, where hair gold braid is a really of import measure in the hair weaving procedure. These peculiar manners are apparent in all schoolrooms across the state. Since the h airdos are prevailing in schools, associating hair weaving to curriculums will actuate the pupils ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . The pupils can function as theoretical accounts. Making the pupils a portion of the lesson will further peer interaction and construct self esteem ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . In add-on, hair weaving will supply a connexion to history. This connexion will supply the chance to larn mathematics in a contextual signifier that African American pupils are familiar with. In add-on, since hair gold braid and hair weaves are a current manner tendency, this tendency can present the historical parts of the African civilization to pupils as good, redesigning the current bringing of mathematical direction ( Weiger, 2000 ) . The fact-finding processs involved in utilizing conceptual mathematics will beef up the African American pupil ‘s critical thought, job resolution, and communicating accomplishments because the pupils are utilizing and discoursing the mathematics.Research Question sThrough the literate reappraisal and the analysis of informations, the undermentioned inquiries will be answered at the terminal of this ethnographic survey: What is the relationship between hair weaving ( sew- in ) and mathematics? How make you use the historical manner parts of ancient Africans to motivate motive amongst African American young person? How make you utilize the civilization of hair to actuate African American young persons? Why is it of import to incorporate civilization and instruction? How make you place the mathematical constructs in hair gold braid and hair weaving?Concise Literature ReviewAfrican Americans take pride in their hair and their visual aspect. This is apparent in the billion dollar hair industry with adult females, work forces and kids lending to the net incomes ( Chris Rock ‘s Good Hair, 2009 ) . The billion dollar industry contains weaves, hair attention merchandises, and hair attention tools. African American adult females can pass 1000s of dollars on one weave session. Since so much accent is placed on hair, the research of schoolroom use by Gloria Gilmer ( 1998 ) is of import to African Americans. During Gloria Gilmer ‘s look intoing into hair manners of African American adult females, geometric designs and forms were discovered in the gold braid procedure ( Gilmer, 1998 ) . After farther probe, the constructs of tessellations were identified in the gold braid forms of the participants. The tessellations were easy seeable in the expo sure provided in the survey. Another research worker connected the forms of hair lacing to the transmutations besides ( Eglash, 2004 ) . On the website provide by Ron Eglash cornrow plaits translate, reflect, rotate, and distend Y forms in which the Y resembles a plait stitch ( 2004 ) . Pamela Frost discovered that African fractals are non limited to hair gold braid, but can be extended to calculate artworks, genetic sciences, and biological science ( 1999 ) . Since hair gold braid contains common taught mathematical constructs, implementing the construct is an easy undertaking. Teachers do non hold to buy extra merchandises to implement the construct, since paper and pencils can be utilized to look into fractals. It is noted that â€Å" pupils can still larn about fractals utilizing common school supplies † ( Frost, 1999 ) . Teachers do non hold to research a batch of information about hair gold braid and hair weaving. African American pupils come with anterior cognition about hair gold braid and hair weaving, associating their anterior cognition to geometry and fractals can help in â€Å" building their ain individualities † ( Frost, 1999 ) . Besides instructors can be provided with pre-written activities about the connexion of hair gold braid and mathematics ( Frost, 1999 ) . An of import facet of utilizing hair lacing in the schoolroom is to help in the development of African American pupils and other minorities. It has been noted that Ethnomathematics such as forms in hair lacing â€Å" respond to the demands of increasing Numberss of pupils who feel like failures for non understanding † ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . African American pupils will see little success by lending information that they are familiar with. In the current educational systems mathematics is used to hike trial tonss, so pupil can accomplish a certain position ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . Often in this procedure minority pupils are left behind in mathematics. In other to level the playing field in mathematics, utilizing Ethnomathematics that involves cultural constructs such as hair gold braid and hair weaving will give the pupils the power to â€Å" spot and look into † which engages pupils ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . Student engagement aids with treating information into memory ( Woolfolk, 2004 ) . With battle, comes larning. African American pupils will hold the chance to larn mathematics and reassign the acquisition to trials and other acquisition activities ( Gilmer, 2004 ) .MethodologyParticipantsThis assignment provided an chance to detect an African American stylist with over 18 old ages of experience in the cosmetology concern. The stylist works in a little upscale salon with two other stylists. The ascertained stylist received her preparation from a local cosmetology school and a concern grade from Bowie State University in Maryland. The stylist stated her trade was mastered through on the occupation preparation and that school merely prepared her with the theory. The client is a professional pedagogue that receives hair weaves every six to eight hebdomads. The client has chemically damaged hair and receives hair weaves to alleviate the mundane emphasis on her hair. Permission was given to merely enter the dorsum of the caput.Study DesignSince hair is a portion of the African American civilization, an ethnographic attack was taken. Culture can non be examined with making a hypothesis, formal testing, and statistical analysis of informations.Data Collection Instruments:During the survey, a FLIP picture camera was used to enter snippings of the hair weaving procedure. In add-on, notes were written to enter the ambiance, the conversations, and the actions of the stylist. An informal interview was used to derive cognition about the client and the stylist techniques.Procedures:Initial Entry: In order to finish this survey, aid from the stylist was requested during a hebdomadal salon visit. During the solicitation, the stylist was given a transcript of the undertaking demands and a brief account about the videotaping. The stylist was concerned with the publication of the recorded techniques. She was assured that the technique was for a category undertaking with no public screenings. The stylist agreed and requested a transcript of the picture once the undertaking was completed. Data Collection: The research worker began the observation procedure around nine 30 a.m. The observation procedure consisted of notes, informal interviews and videotaping. The research worker became an active portion of the procedure by helping with the threading of the acerate leafs. In add-on, the research worker interacted with all the other stylists and clients by supplying information about the survey and take parting in the chitchat in the salon.Data Analysis & A ; SynthesisIn analyzing the informations received during the observation, several mathematical operations were revealed. The first mathematical construct that was revealed was fractals. Fractals are defined as the geometric forms that are repeated, which include dilations ( Frost, 1999 ) . In hair weaving, the first procedure is hair lacing. The stylist subdivisions off little parts of the hair, and so braid the hair. The plaits consist of repeated forms that resemble a â€Å" V † . The plait begins little towar ds the border of the hair and gets larger as the plait reaches the Crown of the heard. The following mathematical construct that was revealed is transmutations which include interlingual renditions and perpendicular contemplations. As mentioned before, the plaits resemble several little V ‘s. The interlingual rendition occurs when the form of the V travels towards the Crown of the caput. The form of the V ‘s is really close together so the plaits are tight. This tightness aids with the hair weave enduring eight hebdomads. Another transmutation that is present is a perpendicular contemplation. The stylist begins with a plait on the right side of the heard and terminals at the Crown of the caput. She so begins with the left side of the caput and ends at the same topographic point. The plaits on each side of the caput are exact opposite of each other. The contemplation line is in the centre of the caput. The perpendicular refection ends at the center of the ears. In add-on, the mathematical construct of numeration was revealed. In several cases, the stylist was observed numbering the figure of plaits on the client ‘s caput. She stated it was of import to hold the same measure of plaits on both sides of the caput. In add-on, the stylist the stylist was observed numbering the figure of weave paths as she connected the weave. Another mathematical construct that was observed during the hair weaving procedure involves measuring and appraisal. The stylist used appraisal to mensurate the length of the weaving yarn. She removed yarn from the bobbin and used the length of her forearm to find the length. This procedure continued until the hair weave was completed. In add-on, the stylist estimates the measure of hair and the monetary value of the service. It was revealed that a anterior conversation occurred between the client and the stylist. The client shows the stylist a image and the stylist determines the measure of hair that is needed. This appraisal is of import because they stylist do non desire the client to buy extra hair. The following mathematical construct observed is arc length. Since the measuring of the caput utilizes perimeter, which is the length of the outermost border of a circle. The plaits that travel from right to go forth could be considered to be single circles. The stylist is gauging the length of the weave paths to attach to the ‘arcs † of the fanciful circles, which is the formal mathematical term called arc length. Another mathematical construct that is utilised is ratios. The stylist discussed the procedure of adding colour to the hair weave. The client purchases a little package of coloured weave. Following, the stylist uses a razor to divide the weave path. Finally, the stylist combines the colour weave path to the black path. In add-on, the stylist utilised ratios in the procedure when she mixed the hair dye for another colour. The stylist did uncover that sometimes hair weave clients receive colour to dissemble the grey hairs. This peculiar client did non have hair colour. After all of the paths were attached to the caput, the stylist used angles to cut the hair. The stylist stated she was utilizing 45 grade angles. It was hard to find the exact measuring of the angles since the stylist cut the hair quickly. Using 40 five degree angles to cut hair is a construct that the stylist learned in beauty school. During the full procedure of attaching the weave path to the plaits, the stylist created knots to guarantee the yarn did non detached. Besides in the initial threading procedure, knots were tied at the terminal of the twine every bit good. The type of knot was non determined. The concluding mathematical construct that was revealed was add-on and minus. The stylist used mental add-on to calculate the cost of the hair weave service. Once the client paid for the service, the stylist provided alteration. There was non any grounds of numbering alteration to the client. Recommendations Listing the possibilities of mathematics being used in the universe is about impossible. Mathematics is used in many signifiers of life such as eating houses, building, auto franchises, and promenades. This use of mathematics supports systems in topographic point working. Since mathematics is apparent in the lives of pupils, it is recommended to associate practical experiences such as hair weaving to the course of study that pupils must larn. This relationship would do mathematics relevant to the universe of pupils. In add-on, supplying this experience will see pupils to possible callings that they may hold had small cognition about. Learning mathematics through practical experiences will give pupil the chance to larn why and how mathematics is used. This signifier of larning supports the constructivist theory, where acquisition is student centered and non teacher centered ( Woolfolk, 2004 ) . Another recommendation to utilizing practical experiences such as hair weaving will give th e chance for pupils to larn utilizing transverse curricular activities. Since hair weaving involves chemicals, designs, and hair, pupils will hold the chance to larn chemical science, art and biological science in context. Observing and questioning a stylist will give a pupil the chance to witness the consequences of chemical procedure on the hair, to incorporate art and manner, and to larn how the organic structure develops skin, and the proper nutrition to keep healthy tegument. Besides it is recommended to give the pupils the chance to larn by making. The custodies on larning experience will advance motive. Motivation amongst African American pupils in mathematics is worsening ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . Using a pattern that is familiar to pupils can supply a gateway to engagement in the category. The pupils will be a portion of the category, taking the phobic disorder of failure, ensuing in assurance in mathematics ( Woolfolk, 2004 ) . This assurance will actuate the pupil to go on to la rn mathematics since the fright of non cognizing is removed. It is besides recommended that instructors create job based acquisition instances utilizing the constructs that relates to civilization such as hair weaving. The instances would advance enquiry about the different civilization and give replies as to why a peculiar civilization patterns certain modus operandis. This window into the lives of others will assist the pupils to understand and appreciate the civilizations of others. The enquiry procedure in the job based acquisition will give the pupils picks about the methods of geting cognition and how of import the information is to their personal state of affairs. The acquisition is navigated by the pupils with instructor counsel, alternatively of driven by instructor input merely. In add-on, the pupils will hold the chance to research and take part in instructional preservations from the research about the different civilizations. The instructional conversations would advanc e integrity and aid in learning diverseness amongst the pupils and the instructors.