Physics Lab Safety Booklet Example Essay Example for Free

Physics Lab Safety Booklet Example Essay Why Is Laboratory Safety Important? Lab Safety is important because a safe work space, is a productive work space. When everyone follows all rules and regulations the assignment will get done and no one will be hurt. Some of the chemicals and substances can be harmful if used incorrectly, so there all certain ways we protect ourselves. Lab Safety Symbols This is the fire symbol, it means something is flammable. So keep it away from flames or it will catch on fire. This symbol is for toxic or poisonous chemicals. Safety procedures are to protect you and others also in the lab. Safety Symbols continued The symbol below means that a chemical or substance is corrosive, which means that is can cause visible disintegration of human tissue or any other substances or materials it may come in contact with. These two symbols mean that a substance or a chemical have dangerous fumes. Those fumes will harm you if inhaled. These three symbols are the different types of radioactive symbols you might see. Radioactive waste can harm both humans and the environment, so handle with care. Lab Safety Equipment These are goggles, they are use to protect the eyes. Gloves (below) are used to protect the hands. ï ¿ ¼Safety Equipment cont. This is a lab apron. It is used to protect the clothing from spills, chemicals or substances that might go through the clothes and damage skin. ï ¿ ¼ Measuring Instruments This is a triple beam balance. It measures mass in grams. This is a graduated cylinder, it measures volume in milliliters. This is a ruler, it measures length in both centimeters and inches. ï ¿ ¼Safety Rules This is a fire blanket, it is used when a persons hair or article of clothing catches fire. This is a safety shower with an eye wash station built in. If you ever get anything in your eyes, go swiftly over to the eye wash station , turn in on and hold open your eyelids and let keep using it for 15 to 20 minutes.

The Role Of Cryptography In Network Security Computer Science Essay

The Role Of Cryptography In Network Security Computer Science Essay Network security is concerned with the protection of network resources against alteration, destruction and unauthorized use, cryptography and encryption are most critical components of network security. In my assignment, as a network security manager, I will try to research explore the performance of various cryptographic schemes and evaluate web security and the security of wireless network system. Networks take all kind of sensitive data and security play a vital role of any wireless network system. Security certify level of data integrity and data confidentiality as maintain wired network, without accurately implement security measures and wireless network adapter come within range of the network adapter. Security is high lack, laziness, and lack of knowledge and employee are not aware of these things, especially in small organisation and home, every organisation need to aware and training for employees time to time. Cryptology has two components, kryptos and logos. Cryptographic methods to certify the safety and security of communication and main goal is user authentication, data authentication such as integrity and authentication, non-repudiation of origin, and confidentiality and it has two functions encryption and decryption. In my research, as a network security manager, I will analyze cryptography, web security, and security of wireless network system to implement the network security strategies for the organisation in future. 1. Explore and explain different types of cryptography and assess the role of cryptography in network security. Cryptography has different methods for taking clear, readable data, and converts into unreadable data of secure communication and also transforms it back. Cryptography is also used to authenticate identify of message source and certify integrity of it. Cipher send message and use secret code. The cipher scrambles the message so that it cannot be understood by anyone other than the sender and receiver. Only the receiver who has the secret code can decipher the original message, thus ensuring confidentiality. (Citrix-system, 2010) Type of cryptography Following three common types of cryptography as below: Secret key cryptography is identified as symmetric key cryptography. Both sender and receiver know same secret code described the key and messages are encrypted by the sender and use key, decrypted by the receiver. It use single key for both encryption and decryption. This method works healthy if you are communicating with only a limited number of people, but it becomes impractical to exchange secret keys with large numbers of people. Secret key cryptography use is such as data encryption standard, advance encryption standard, Cast-128/256, international data encryption algorithm, and rivest ciphers etc. (Citrix-system, 2010) Public key cryptography is called asymmetric encryption and use couple of keys one for encryption and another for decryption. Key work in pairs of coordination public and private keys. Public key can freely distributed the private key. If senders and receivers dont have to communicate keys openly, they can give private key to communication confidentially. Public key cryptography use for key exchange and digital signatures such as RSA, digital signature algorithm, public-key cryptography standard etc. Hash functions use a mathematical transformation to permanently encrypt information. It also called message digests and one way encryption. Hash function use to provide a digital fingerprint of file contents and it is commonly employed by many operating system to encrypt passwords and it provide measure of the integrity of a file. It is also use message digest, secure hash algorithm, RIPEMD etc. (Kessler, G,2010) The role of cryptography Many feature combine to throw network security to the top issues in the organisation and face IS professional daily. Nowadays business operation decentralization and correspondence growth of computer network is the number one driver of concern about the network security. As far as security concern, many organisation networks are accidently waiting to occur, such accident will occur is impossible to predict but security breaches will occur. When organisation network security chooses is 100% involve cryptography technology. The following five basic uses of cryptography in network security solution are: Confidentiality Cryptography gives confidentiality through changing or hiding a message and protects confidential data from unauthorized access and use cryptographic key techniques to critically protect data; Access control Only authorized users (login password) can access to protect confidential data etc. Access would be possible for those individual that had access to the correct cryptographic keys; (Mitchell, M, 1995) Integrity Cryptographic tools give integrity verify that permit a recipient to authenticate that message transformed and cannot prevent a message from being transformed but effective to identify either planned and unplanned change of the message; Authentication is the ability to verify who sent a message. It done through the control key because those with access to the key are able to encrypt a message. Cryptographic function use different methods to certify that message is not changed or altered. These hash functions, digital signatures and message authentication codes. 2. Explore encryption for network security. Encryption for network security Encryption is the most effective method to reduce data loss or theft to encrypt the data on the network security. Encryption is a process of network security to apply crypto services at the network transfer layer on top of the data link level and under the application level. Network encryption other name network layer or network level encryption. The network transfer layers are layers 2 and 4 of the open systems interconnections (OSI) is the reference model, the layers responsible for connectivity and routing between two end points. Using the existing network services and application software, network encryption is invisible to the end user and operates independently of any other encryption processes used. Data is encrypted only while in transit, existing as plaintext on the originating and receiving hosts. Encryption for network security execute through internet protocol security and set of open internet engineering task force (IETF) standard and apply in combination and build structure for confidential communication over IP networks. Internet protocol security works through the network architecture and encrypted packets show to be the same to unencrypted packets and rout through any IP network easily. Network encryption product and services provide several companies such as Cisco, Oracle etc. (Search security, 2010) http://www.cipheroptics.com/images/network-encryption-big.jpg Figure 1 Network Encrypted 3. Critically review the key and password management in terms of network system security. The key management Information become essential assets and protects it and availability is vital for business success. Encryption is the technology for doing so and become significant part of network system security. Encryption key is very helpful to secure data and information. There are two types of key public and private key use to secure the information and network. These key used in cryptographic system as below: Public Key it was invented in 1976 and refer to cypher architecture type and apply two key pairs is encrypt and decrypt. It can use to encrypt message and corresponding private key to decrypt it. Public key encryption believe extremely secure because it does not need secret shared key among the sender and receiver. It is helpful for keeping private emails and stored on mail servers for many years. It programs such as PGP has digital signature ability built message sent can digitally signed. Private Key it also called secret key and encryption/decryption key to exchange secret messages and shared by the communicators so that each can encrypt and decrypt messages. Public key uses with private key together. (Search-security 2010) Password management Password is the most important aspect to login into the system and the network. Organisation should allow only authorised users to access to the network and every user access individual login and passwords to enter the network, its result increase the security aspects. There are following necessary things to secure password in the network system as below: Long Password every user need to long password because short password can very quickly compromised and analyse the permutation based on the password length; Change password anytime employee should change password regularly, nobody assume easily and helpful for security breaches of the network; Avoid utilize similar password dont use the same password for different accounts because it would naive for administrator to think and employee should use different password for safety and security for network system; Necessity to changing password regularly employees also gradually more access their work accounts from remote location, user need to educate/awareness on the required of altering the password frequently. (Storts, J, 2010) 4. Compare symmetric and asymmetric encryption systems and their vulnerability to attack. Symmetric encryption systems and their vulnerability Symmetric encryption system use same secret key is used to encrypt and decrypt information and transform between two keys. Secret key concern to information to transform the content because both can use encrypts and decrypts traffic. Symmetric encryption system has two types are: Stream ciphers it is bits of information one at a time and operates on 1 bit of data at a time. It is faster and smaller to implement and have an important security gap. Certain types of attacks may cause the information to be revealed; Block ciphers it is encrypts information by breaking it down into blocks and encrypt data in each block and this data is fixed sized commonly 64 bit and mostly use in triple DES and AES. (Encryptionanddecryption, 2010) Symmetric encryption algorithms including Des, 3DES, AES, and RC4 etc. 3DES and AES are normally used in IP sec and other types of VPNs. RC4 is used on wireless networks and used by WEP and WPA for encryption. Symmetric encryption algorithms can be extremely fast, and their relatively low complexity allows for easy implementation in hardware. However, they require that all hosts participating in the encryption have already been configured with the secret key through some external means. (Stretch, J, 2010) Symmetric Encryption Vulnerabilities are: To break symmetric encryption system through brute force and cryptanalysis; Figure-2 Symmetric encryption system Weak password can break symmetric encryption systems; Password always keep in mind or make a backup copy of the password; Exchange secret keys in secure manner and stored properly. (Encryptionanddecryption, 2010) To leaking and spying out password. symmetric_encryption.png Asymmetric encryption systems and their vulnerability Asymmetric encryption system use two keys one for encryption use for public, anyone can encrypt a message and another for decryption use for private and only receiver can decrypt a message, normally set up a key pair within a network and involve in six main elements are: Plaintext Text message applied in algorithm; Encryption algorithm it performs mathematical operation to conduct substitutions and transform to the plaintext; Public and Private keys the keys pair where one use for encryption and other decryption; Ciphertext produce encrypt message by applying algorithm to plaintext message through using key; Decryption Algorithm generates ciphertext and match key to produce the plaintext. (Encryptionanddecryption, 2010) Most common asymmetric encryption is RSA and if compare with symmetric encryption it is much slower but its capability to establish secure channel over a non-secure medium such as internet. This is accomplished by the exchange of public keys, which can only be used to encrypt data. The complementary private key, which is never shared, is used to decrypt. (Stretch, J, 2010) asymmetric_encryption.png Asymmetric Encryption Vulnerabilities are: Figure-3 Asymmetric encryption systemPublic key can be distributed freely; It is computing intensive; It process very slowly; Weak password can easily steal; Weak encryption to break this system; Crash digital signature; Security breach at the time of key exchange. 5. Explain and critically assess web security and critically list down different type web security tools and technologies. Web security Web is very vital role in our daily life such as online searching, surfing, customers, vendors, co-staffs, email, etc but need to be web security and identity theft protection. Web security has many problems like spam, viruses, security breaches theft etc. This problem with web security is the part of network of attack computers and servers send out spam messages without knowing it and email / passwords produce and re-sale to competitor. In my research, security expert says that shows you how to do something in five minutes and conveniently neglect to mention the security implications of their advice. If it sounds too easy to be true, it probably is. A perfect example of this is PHP solutions that use a file for data storage and ask you to make it writable to the world. This is easy to implement, but it means that any spammer can write to this file. (Heilmann, 2010) Web security has many risk and attacks such as IP address identify the computer, Fixed IP address is larger security risk, share network, staff unaware security leak in the network setting, SQL injection attacks, exploits browsers and websites, remote file inclusion (RFI), phishing etc. (Heilmann, 2010) Web Security Tools and Technologies The following list down of different type of web security tools and technologies as below: Spike Proxy It is a professional grade tool for looking for application level vulnerabilities in web application and cover SQL injection and cross-site-scripting; Power fuzzer It capable of spidering website and identifying inputs and common web vulnerabilities such as XSS, SQL injection and support https. Written in python; Sec point penetrator It network security tools based, penetration testing appliance or web based service give vulnerability scan pen testing and can change IP address to scan and report; Net sparker It allows users to exploit the identified vulnerabilities and see real impact of the problem. It capable false positive free, handling of websites that rely on AJAX and JavaScript; OWASP It uses multiple techniques such as conditional errors injection, blind injection based on integers, strings/statements, MS-SQL verbose error message and identify database version and gather information Gama Sec It is automated online website vulnerability assessment delivers test to web servers, web based application and web-interfaced system and support HTTP authentication schemes, HTTP protocol, BASIC etc; NIkto Scanner Open source web server scanner and perform complete tests against web servers for multiple items, dangerous files, CGIs, and problems of the server; Perimeter check it analyze external network devices such as servers, websites, firewalls, routers and security vulnerabilities and also lead to interrupted service, data theft, system destruction and help immediately remedy security problem. (Hower, R, 2010) . 6. Identify vulnerabilities and mis-configurations in wireless networks. Vulnerability and mis-configuration describe as some event that exposes organisation and network security has ability to work efficiently its required confidentiality level and protects lack of the systems. Wireless networks vulnerabilities Some of the following common wireless networks vulnerabilities as below: No set physical boundaries wireless access points can lose signals, due to doors, walls, floors, and insulation etc; Untrained users setting up unauthorized networks and workstation untrained users who either are uninformed and therefore unaware of security measures that must be taken when deploying wireless, or whose desire to have wireless is so strong that it completely overshadows the rules set by the organization to ensure that systems are secure. (Lane, H, 2005) Rogue access points this attack consist of connecting illegal access point on the network; Lack of monitoring every organisation has some loopholes in monitoring but intrusion detection tools can use continuously monitor to secure the network system; MAC address filtering it is unique number assigned and wireless LANs allows access point to connect to network. Filtering can result in security breach as user change MAC address, it result identity theft; Insufficient encryption standards weak encryption standard say that users will not enable it and harmful to wireless LAN as weak encryption; Easy to eavesdrop wireless use airwaves to listen easy on network traffic or connect to network and it results the data is encrypted with strong encryption. If WEP encryption use, hackers can some attempt to decrypt the information; Unsecure holes in network hacker can enter wireless LAN by circumventing firewalls and allow other to come, as a result confidential data lost or may compromise on the network; Denial-of-service attacks external causes based is Denial-of-service attacks and make network unproductive and forcefully user to disconnect continually disrupting operation in the organisation such as jamming (jam a radio network), rush access (overload network with malicious connection), spoofed de-authentication frames etc. (Lane, H, 2005) Wireless network mis-configuration Mis-matched software and hardware it is problem arises for network infrastructure that is vulnerable to wide range of attacks. Sometime function work properly but awfully mis-configured; Service Set ID (SSID) SSID is a configurable identification mechanism to enables a client to communicate with the correct base-station. Configured properly with SSID otherwise attacker can exploit the SSID in attempt to access base station and change SSID password and change 802.11 security settings for authentication. (Spam-laws, 2009) 7. Demonstrate how to keep wireless network system safe. Nowadays, wireless network become more common called Wi-Fi /802.11 and allow computer to connect to another without cables and using computer easier and more convenient than ever before with fast internet connection and wireless router and surf internet, data transfer, print documents, email, download information etc but unhappily, it also make easy for outsider/hacker to do the same. Organisation should following points to keep wireless network system safe and secure as below: Keep-out undesirable wireless guests wireless network restrict access through encryption is easy through which encoding or scrambling information to receive and send, only those can access with right password or encryption key and restrict wireless network to normal office hours. Some encryption protect wireless network such as wired equivalent protection (WEP), Wi-Fi protected access (WPA), WPA2 etc; Choose strong password in my research, I found some basic guideline when create a wireless network password is Password should be longer (20 characters) it takes someone to figure it out; Use mixture lowercase and uppercase letters; Insert numbers in between letters; Change password every 3 months; Write password down and keep in safe (in case of forget). Use the firewall it is front security and secures network, computers and data from snooping eyes; (Bryan, S, 2010) Dont show the name of the network (SSID); Change default SSID, dont use name to identify the organisation; Use MAC filtering because each network card is unique code known MAC address and access points to restrict access to assured; Switch on and use built-in encryption to prevent eavesdrop; Restrict user ability (network administrators) to setup quick and dirty wireless network, even temporarily. One rogue access point can undo all the good work you do on the others; Certify all security measures are in place, it result defence against intruders; (Microsoft, 2010) Turn off the wireless network when it isnt use; Hide/keep safe place confidential files/data. Conclusion I conclude that security of wireless network system play key role in every organisation and also implement all network security strategies for the organisation in present and future and secure network resources against alteration, destruction, and unauthorized use. Cryptography tools and web security tools are also very helpful to secure the network system and protect IT assets, confidential data and information. Recommendation I recommend some of the important points as below: Better education and stronger security implementation; Wireless network awareness and training for employees timely; Update wireless network security timely; Certify to secure wireless access point with a strong password; When it need implement WEP authentication method; Make sure all users have proper key or password configured on their system; Make sure all service provide to users are protected by end to end encryption; Use SSID, MAC address filtering allows to configure wireless APs.

Sense of Community Among University Students | Research

Sense of Community Among University Students | Research The study is primarily aimed at identifying level of sense of community among students who enrolled in the psychology and social work programmes at Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. It was also carried out to investigate whether there were relationships between a sense of community and altruistic behaviour, academic achievement, age, and students involvement in club or organizational activities. One hundred and fifty one students participated in this study. A questionnaire that comprised of three sections was adapted and further developed to measure the schools sense of community, altruistic behaviour scale, and demographic background of the sample. In this study, membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, and shared emotional connection as proposed by McMillan and Chavis (1986) are the subscales for the measurement of sense of community. Rushtons (1981) Self-Report Altruism Scale (SRAS) was used to measure altruistic behaviour. Furthermore, the study attemp ted to compare the level of sense of community between programmes, gender, ethnicity, and year of study. Age was the only variable found to be correlated with a sense of community. There was no difference found between any of those variables studied. INTRODUCTION The aim of this research was to analyse the university students sense of community, or their perception towards their school community, which focused on issues pertaining to how much the students perceive the bond between them and the school and its surroundings. Further, the study aimed at identifying whether or not their perception correlated with altruistic behaviour. The concept of a sense of community as popularly cited in the literature stemmed from Saransons (1974) idea concerning the perception of similarity to others, an acknowledged interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure. Saranson (p. 157) further adds that the psychological sense of community is one of the major basis of self-definition. Charvat (2004) states that a sense of community is a complex phenomenon because of the fact that the definitions vary from one individual to the next, and from time to time. For example, the Child Development Project at the Development Studies Center in Oakland has defined a sense of community as the students experience of being a valued influential member of a group committed to everyones growth and welfare (Schaps, 1998). This concept has been expanded into theories. Among them, McMilla n and Chaviss (1986) is so far the most prominent and have been applied by most researchers. McMillan and Chavis (1986) define a sense of community as: . . . a feeling of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members needs will be met through their commitment to be together . . . (in Dalton et al., 2001, p.193) McMillan and Chavis (1986) proposed that a sense of community is comprised of four elements: membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, and shared emotional connection. Further explanations on each element are as follows: Membership There are five attributes in the dimension of membership, i.e., boundaries, emotional safety, sense of belonging and identification with the community, common symbol system, and personal investment. Boundaries refer to the necessity of defining the qualities, such as members way of dressing, language, and rituals, and even shared goals, that include and exclude non-members. Hence, boundaries are not necessarily clearly or obscurely marked, but the definition can be loose or rigid depending on the communitys need to protect its intimate social connection (Wright, 2004). Emotional safety refers to the feelings of security which may involve self-disclosure and group acceptance (Dalton et al., 2001). A sense of belonging and identification with the community looks at the acceptance of being a member of the community. A common symbol system helps to define or indicate membership boundaries and to strengthen the sense of integration among members that could be physically identified or seen , such as wearing the same logo-printed shirts. A symbol is very significant to a community as Nisbet and Perrin (1977, p. 47) quote, . . . the symbol is the beginning of the social world . . ., which carries the identity of the particular group. Meanwhile, personal investment relates to the long-term commitment to a community, such as devotion of time to activities run by the alumni of a varsity. Influence According to McMillan and Chavis (1986), influence refers to mutuality of influence in group. This is explained by the bi-directional relationships in a community, whereby members of a group must feel empowered to have influence over what a group does, and group cohesiveness depends upon the group having some influence over its members (Wright, 2004). However, those who obviously try to dominate the group are often isolated, and the more cohesive the group is, the greater is its pressure for conformity. Integration and fulfillment of needs McMillan and Chavis (1986) explain this dimension in two related concepts: shared values and satisfying of needs, and exchange of resources. Members share values which tend to facilitate their interactions and their ability to meet each others needs simultaneously (Charvat, 2004). Needs are not only understood as survival and the likes, but also include what is desired and valued in a particular community (Dalton et al., 2001). Shared emotional connection This element is also explained by the existence of a spiritual bond that is based on a shared history among members of the community which could be in the form of behaviour, speech, or any other cues that may not be related to behaviour. McMillan and Chavis (1986, p. 14) summarised shared emotional connection as, the definitive element for the true community. Past studies have shown that having a sense of community has brought several positive outcomes, especially to the community members involved. Positive subjective perception of well-being and participatory problem-solving are among the positive outcomes (Davidson Cotter, 1993; Chavis Wandersman, 1990). Empirical studies on a schools sense of community have brought significant impact to students academic achievement and social development (Charvat, 2004). The students experience of school as a community was found to be associated with prosocial behaviors, including concern for others, altruistic behaviour, and positive interpersonal behaviour, as well as democratic values, skill, and desire, and achievement motivation (Battistich, 2001; Schaps Lewis, 1999). From a review of 15 years of research in elementary schools, Charvat (2004) found positive correlations between a schools sense of community and good outcomes for both students and teachers. He added that students who feel a strong school sense of community tend to have more positive attitudes towards school and learning higher educational aspirations, greater trust in and respect for teachers, more prosocial attitude and better social skills. This is also related to teacher attitudes and the perception of school climate. These findings were similar to that of Solomon et al.s (2000) which suggested that teacher practices that emphasizes prosocial values, elicitation of student thinking and expression of ideas, encouragement of cooperation, warmth and supportiveness, and reduced use of extrinsic control, were related to student classroom behaviour. Such behaviour includes engagement, influence, and positive behaviour, which, in turn, were related to students sense of community (see also Schulte et al., 2003). Research on a sense of community has also been expanded to include a broad range of demographic characteristics. It was reported that a schools sense of community was associated with those who live in the campus, among students in private schools, those out of state, seniors, and females (Lounsbury DeNeui, 1995). Other findings reported that the people who came from small-sized campus and suburban area feel a stronger sense of community. In a more recent study, Fraering and Minor (2006) for example, have found that there was a positive relationship between age and a perceived sense of community among customers of financial services firms, and men perceive a greater sense of community than women. Research addressing such issues on a sense of community in Malaysia is still at its infancy. Measuring unity among ethnic groups in Malaysia and efforts in building up as well as promoting national identity perhaps are among studies that the authors can recall to have some connections to the study of sense of community. Looking at how important a sense of community can be in promoting students well being and development, prompted the undertaking of this research project. For a start, the authors use the sample from their school. Objectives of Research To identify the sense of community by various socio-demographic background. To identify the correlation between frequency of students involvement in clubs or organization run at school level such as academic achievement, age, and altruistic behaviour. Hypotheses 1. There is significant difference between sense of community with ethnic group, type of programme, and years of study. 2. There is significant relationship between sense of community with age group, involvement in school, academic achievement, and altruistic behaviour. METHODOLOGY Subjects One hundred and fifty one students from the School of Psychology and Social Work participated in the study. They were picked at random from each programme that comprised of 52 juniors, 61 sophomores, and 38 seniors. Design, Tools, and Measurement The study was designed in survey form. A set of questionnaires comprising of 3 sections was developed and adapted from original sources. Section A measures socio-demographic variables, Section B measures Sense of Community Scale (SOCS) which was adapted from McMillan and Chavis (1986). There are four subscales measured in SOCS as proposed by McMillan and Chavis (1986). While to measure altruistic behaviour in Section C, Rushtons (1981) Self-Report Altruism Scale (SRAS) was used. For SOCS, 40 items were developed, while SRAS contained 20 items. Both scales were measured through a four- and five-point Likert scales. Cronbach Alpha for both scales ranged between 0.82 and 0.89, indicating that they were highly reliable to be used in the context of this study. In terms of validity, subscales of SOCS significantly correlate to one another and to the whole scale. As for SRAS, it was used before by local researchers in a similar context of this study, and it was found to be valid. Procedure Questionnaires were administered to the subjects who were picked randomly from each programme with the help of fellow lecturers. They were allowed 15 to 20 minutes to answer the questionnaires. Data analysis To test the hypotheses, data were then analysed by one-way ANOVA and Pearsons correlation. Descriptive statistics were applied to see the distribution of the sample. RESULTS Background of sample Descriptive analyses indicated 67 males and 84 females participated in the study that comprised of 34.4 percent of first year students, 40.4 percent second year students, and 25.2 percent third year students. A total of 23.2 percent of them enrolled in the programme for Youth and Community Development, 20.5 percent in Industry and Organizational Psychology, 13.9 percent in Counseling Psychology, 19.2 percent in Child and Family Psychology, and 23.2 percent in Social Work Programme. The mean age of the subjects was 22.01 years. More than 60 percent identified themselves as Malay, 9.9 percent Chinese, 11.9 percent Kadazandusun, 4.6 percent Bajau and Pribumi of Sarawak respectively, and others, 5.3 percent. More than half of the subjects were members of clubs and organizations that were based in the campus, with about 40 percent holding position as committee members of the organizations or clubs. Almost 80 percent have been involved at least two times in activities run by the School. Mo st of the students stayed in hostels in the campus. In terms of academic achievement, the subjects can be categorized into three groups. A total of 22 percent are high achievers (with CGPA score of 3.00 and above), 57.3 percent moderate, and 20.7 percent low achievers. The mean score of SOCS was 120.09, indicating the subjects were in the category of moderately high. Table 1 presents some of the socio-demographic data of the samples. Hypotheses Testing Results The Pearson product moment correlation analyses showed no significant inter-correlation between a sense of community, altruism, involvement in school or programme activities, and academic achievement. Age was the only variable correlated significantly with a sense of community (r = 0.23, p Meanwhile, further analyses showed that there were no differences in the sense of community according to students year of study, type of programme, and ethnicity. Table 3 summarises the result of one-way ANOVA, while t-test analyses indicated that female and male subjects did not differ in a sense of community. Table 1: Socio-demographic background of the subjects __________________________________________________________________ Variables N % ______________________________________________________________________ Gender Male 67 44.4 Female 84 55.6 Ethnicity Malay 95 62.9 Chinese 12 7.9 Kadazandusun 18 11.9 Bajau 7 4.6 Pribumi of Sarawak 4 2.6 India 7 4.6 Others 8 5.3 Types of programme Youth and Community Development 35 23.2 Industry and Organisation Psychology 31 20.5 Counseling Psychology 21 13.9 Child and Family Psychology 29 19.2 Social Work 35 23.2 Year of study 1 52 34.4 2 61 40.4 3 38 25.2 ______________________________________________________________________ Table 2: Correlation results between academic achievement, year of study, age, and involvement in school or programme activities, altruism, and sense of community ______________________________________________________________________ Sense of community (r value) __________________________________________________________ Altruism à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ .08 Academic achievement .14 Age 0.23* Involvement in school activities 0.10 ______________________________________________________________________ *p Table 3: Mean differences in sense of community in terms of ethnicity, types of programme, and year of study ______________________________________________________________________ Variables Sum of Squares Mean of Square df F Sig. ______________________________________________________________________ Ethnicity Between group 2520.82 420.14 6 0.51 0.80 Within group 95723.20 818.15 117 Types of programme Between group 699.40 174.85 4 1.23 0.30 Within group 15059.52 142.07 106 Year of study Between group 703.26 351.63 2 2.52 0.09 Within group 15055.66 139.40 108 ______________________________________________________________________ DISCUSSION The findings showed that there was no difference in the sense of community between year of study, ethnicity, and type of programme. It was also found that students involvement in clubs or organizations, academic achievement, and altruism did not correlate with a sense of community. These results contradicted previous findings. The mean for SOCS was in moderately high group, suggesting that it was not strong enough to have connections to other possible phenomena, such as in this case, the academic achievement and altruistic behaviour, as much as for the socio-demographic variables to have some impact on differences of mean in SOCS. In other words, these findings indicated that the students sense of community could be promoted by other socio-demographic factors that were not studied here. Only age was found to be correlated with a sense of community. The older the students are, the more they felt attached to the school. Older students normally consisted of those who have faced difficulties in getting a place in a higher learning institution. They might have worked for a while and have experienced repeating national school examinations (referring to the Malaysian Certificate of Education and Higher School Certificate) and competed with other candidates who might have much better grades than they had to enter the university. Once they have the opportunity to enter university, they will make use of it and gain as much advantage as possible to enhance their academic and social development. These students are normally selected or elected as leaders, or at least take part seriously in school clubs or organizations, which inevitably contribute to the building of the schools sense of community. This study was only a beginning for the authors to understand the nature or level of sense of community among their own students. There are several limitations to this study. The results are applicable only to this sample. Hence, the findings are not expected to be generalized. Future studies are warranted to extend the findings to a larger scale, and to students in different disciplines. Secondly, this study only examined the relationship between a sense of community and altruistic behaviour, and differences among a few socio-demographic variables. For future studies, the authors also suggested that researchers examine causal relationship between variables. Perhaps, a longitudinal study could also be conducted to determine whether a sense of community is associated with time change. More studies are still needed to understand this phenomenon better, as community is not stagnant, and will always evolve. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A preliminary draft of this paper was edited by Fadzilah Majid Cooke of the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.

The Lewis And Clark Expedition :: essays research papers

American history is accompanied by a long list of explorers who first discovered and who explored the massive continent. All of the explorers had an impact on the development of America. The Lewis and Clark expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery, stands prominently at the top part of this list. The Lewis and Clark Expedition has had a significant political, social, and economic effect on America. They were the first to map out the west and set off westward expansion. Without the success of the expedition growth of America would have taken five times as long, as predicted by Thomas Jefferson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Expedition had a drastic political effect on The United States of America. The area in which the expedition was to explore was very close along Spanish territory and a portion of the expedition was in Spanish territory. The Spanish government was very uneasy with the Corps advancing towards them because they thought The United States was attacking them. They dispatched a small group to intercept the Corps however they nearly missed them. Another political impact was the now issue of Indian relations. America just acquired a great deal of land that was formerly owned by Indians and they now had to explain to them that the land was no longer theirs and that they were now a part of the United States. Indian relations would be fine until they were forced to move off their land. The United States had to set up a new branch of government just for Indian relations. Previous to the expedition there were only little issues of dealing with Indians.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Exploration of the west could have had the greatest economical impact on the United States ever. After the west had now been explored they realized they had a great deal of land that now had to be settled. The land was so vast and so cheap that it was sold for very low prices and sometimes just given away. This caused a huge surge of people to begin flowing west and sparked westward expansion. People began setting up farms and more and more people had opportunities to make a good living. Also people now had the chance to look for gold out west and the Gold Rush began. This is when America really had its boom. Lastly we now had twice as much if not more natural resources than we had before.

The Natural :: Essays Papers

The Natural Iris vs. Memo, the everlasting battle of Good and Evil, Good Angel vs. Bad Angel. In The Natural the Angels take the form of women that interact with Roy. Iris the â€Å"Good Angel† has nothing but a positive influence on Roy and cares about him deeply. The exact opposite of Iris is the â€Å"Bad Angel† Memo who cares just about what she can get her hands on except poverty. To her nothing or nobody matters. The reason Memo’s able to sneak in with Roy so easy is that she uses her body, her looks. She makes Roy a â€Å"toy† to her. She wants money so badly, that’s why she’s always with people like Gus or the Judge, because they are the rich people who like to spend a lot of money. Memo has always been mean to Roy: She hadn’t treated him right. For a while things had looked so good†¦ but no sooner has he gone into a slump when she began again to avoid him. Had she been nice to him instead, he’d have got out of trouble sooner (165). Iris is really â€Å"laid back† when it comes to Roy. Iris isn’t as attractive as Memo, but she looks past the dollars and sees what she likes. Each â€Å"Angel† has a different effect on Roy both being on and off the field. Roy goes out with Memo ignoring Pop’s warning â€Å"†¦She is unlucky and always has been and I think that there is some kind of whammy in her that carries her luck to other people† (136). Roy goes into a bad slump. Everything he does fails until one game in Detroit. The lady in the stands hesitantly rose†¦ She was an attractive woman, around 30, maybe more, and built solid but not too big†¦ A reporter approached her and asked her name but she wouldn’t give it to him, nor would she, blushing, say why she was standing now (159). The woman standing is Iris and she is standing because she believes in Roy, and wants him to regain his confidence by showing her support.

Teachers and maintenance discipline in a classroom situation

In order to hold a better as a schoolroom director ( instructor ) one must hold the followers: Handle every sort of schoolroom subject job Learn to convey any schoolroom under control Get the pupils ‘ attending Let there be regard for each other particularly sentiments or replies and There must be quietness If one can conceive of himself or herself in the schoolroom twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours passing all the clip learning to an attentive category. As a instructor you will demo the deep rooted love in replying the call as a instructor. A instructor whose pupils are punctual because promptness is the psyche of concern, respectful on undertaking and attentive all the will decidedly bask his or her undertaking. Form my observation Manchester Academy is one of the schools that keep schoolroom under control, and this shows a clean and clear apprehension of planning. Knowing how to maintain a schoolroom non merely controlled but on undertaking and attentive is the most important accomplishment a instructor can hold, without which no effectual instruction can take topographic point. At Manchester Academy I observed the school has a batch to offer and they have given themselves clip to offer it, because it is non a nice feeling traveling to category mundane feeling you do non hold the necessary tools to acquire the acquisition atmosphere you justly deserve. It is a nice feeling traveling to your category knowing that you will be learning in a favorable ambiance that is contributing to larning and that you have the tools to manage any state of affairs, alternatively of seeking to convey order or shushing a inveterate riotous pupil or shouting that there should be quietness every clip. Manchester Academy displayed that spirit during the reading lessons. As instructors we do non desire our schoolrooms to be orderly merely for its ain interest or because we are on some sort of power trip, but so that we can give pupils what we have to offer. Sometimes you find you want to larn this from person who does non hold to be that right, but who has had to set up schoolroom control even inside the worst behaved schoolrooms found anyplace in the universe. Management and subject are the chief ingredients in the instructors ‘ planning. Sound subject and direction underpins every facet of the school life. For successful instruction and acquisition to take topographic point it is of import that good subject exist in every schoolroom in peculiar and in the school as a whole. Harmonizing to Hill & A ; Hill ( 1997: 16 ) † scholars learn to the best of their abilities in an orderly and safe environment. † Research workers like Potgieter, Visser, Van der Bank, Mothata and Squelch ( 1997:59 ) stated that â€Å" if subject is non taken into consideration, the school environment will be unsafe in the educational procedure may be disrupted. † This may besides impact the educational attainment of scholars. In this respect Levin & A ; Nalon ( 1991:30 ) province that, â€Å" in add-on to the obvious impact on the instruction and larning environment riotous behavior, can besides impact the scholars ‘ safety, preparednes s to larn every bit good as future behavior. † In add-on, Hill & A ; Hill ( 1994:6 ) â€Å" if subject can destruct the possibility of a safe and orderly environment and thereby a shackle the nucleus intent of the school. † It is hence necessary that subject is maintained in a school for the public assistance and safety of scholars and pedagogues, and for the success of the educational procedure. Learners in the farther instruction are working hard to organize the ain individualities asseverating power through the brilliant by presenting instructors. Coetzer & A ; Le Roux ( 1996:84 ) endorse this position when they stated that, â€Å" modern kids and young person want to set up their ain life, and by making so will melt Rebel against subject and authorization. † They sum up by stating that â€Å" the young person have been emancipated to populate their ain life styles as they see it fit and accept values different from the society. â€Å" Sowetan ( South Africannewspaper ) of Thursday March, 17 2011: 5 ( Early edition ) states that â€Å" we call on all students to contend fire with fire-when instructors hit you, you must hit back. â€Å" As a consequence, instructors experience troubles, experiencing that they are challenged and might lose control. A deficiency of subject in public schools is experient all over the universe. Wayson & A ; Pinnell ( 1994:1534 ) â€Å" The deficiency of scholar subject in many public schools throughout the universe has been a affair of great concern for school direction and instructors, to a lesser extent for scholars themselves parents and the general populace. † Harmonizing to Charles ( 1996:3 ) legion surveies that were conducted in the USA in 1992, have listed subject is a major job with which instructors must postulate and a important factor in instructors go forthing the profession. In add-on to the job, Charles ( 1996:3 ) provinces, â€Å" instructors try to reassign off from the schools that have high degrees of misbehavior, live in such schools in the custodies of instructors non yet skilled in exercising keeping subject. † From a personal observation and informal interviews with instructors I as a school teacher at a 2nd at the school have concluded that it is subject is non prevailing in Manchester Academy. The bulk of instructors seem to believe that scholars should non be left entirely to their ain devices without being controlled or supervised. The position of supervising featured Manchester Academy High School. Learners are non left to act in whatever manner they wish. The instructors in the Manchester Academy are non kicking that they are making more policing work than learning in the schoolroom. Manchester Academy has a computerized manner of tracking and training scholars who misbehave harmonizing to the type of offenses. Teachers do non pass clip disproportionately covering with this riotous behavior of scholars and the consequence of the actions. Apparently Manchester Academy impart their perceptual experiences in such a manner that scholars took positively towards benefits of instruction. Proper, important and sympathetic counsel of class will ever help scholars to see the demand to set up good resonance with instructors and eventually with parents. It is the duty of the instructors to keep a civilization of instruction and acquisition in schools, but it is non possible to make so if the subject and the safety are non considered in the school environment. Disintegrated subject causes trouble in the attainment of school aims. Schools become there is functional when both scholars and instructors can non work efficaciously and expeditiously under conditions which are non contributing and are shocking. Learners can non set down and instructors can non learn in an insecure environment. A safe an orderly school environment is a requirement for acquisition and instruction to take topographic point. Thus instructors can merely dispa tch their professional responsibilities if there is order and subject in both the schoolroom and the school as a whole.How can teachers keep subject?Research workers are of an sentiment that instructors play a critical function in keeping subject and control within the school. Harmonizing to Joubert & A ; Prinsloo ( 1999:55 ) , â€Å" pedagogues are responsible to keep subject at all times. † Varma ( 1993:31 ) provinces that, â€Å" beyond their duty for learning, pedagogues are besides responsible for the moral development of scholars and to guarantee that they become observant citizens. † This implicitly means that within the school community, instructors are expected to react in a commanding Y to misdemeanors of the institutional regulations and of the school and signifiers such as larceny, and strong-arming that has a direct bearing on the moral sphere. The Department of Education besides demands that subject be maintained in school so that civilization of instruct ion and acquisition is realized. Harmonizing to Section 8 ( 1 ) Of the South African Schools Act ( SASA ) ( RSA, 1996 a: 8 ) , subject must be maintained in the school and schoolroom state of affairss so that the instruction of scholars flourishes.Teachers are in fact expected to manage riotous scholars in the categories so that scholars can concentrate on the school assignment. Butchart & A ; McEwan support this position by saying that, â€Å" inequality school, pedagogues must larn how to manage a riotous scholar in a manner that is non punitory, yet gets the state of affairs under control and at the same clip opens the scholars in head to work in category †How to match subject and equity?One of the inquiries on the questionnaire is â€Å" what is your ( instructor ) function in a show in subject in your school? † Harmonizing to Hosten et Al ( in Oosthuizen 1985:59 ) explains fairness as â€Å" the moral value that serves as a norm to guarantee nonpartisanship when covering with viing involvements of assorted topics. † This denotes that the involvements of both instructors and scholars must be protected. The scholars are the legal topics and have legal rights that should be protected. The scholars other legal topics and have legal rights that should be protected. Section 12 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa ( RSA, 1996 degree Celsius: 8 ) . In this independent survey support ( ISS ) hungry and took shy to reply inquiries that have been asked in the questionnaire. Manchester Academy claim to be executing really good in footings of subject, direction and leading since its passage. Now strategies for good schoolroom subject could be based on both standard and student behavioral facet to do subject more effectual. The followers may perchance help instructors to better the jobs that may be at that place in state of affairss, that is, they might be underlying issues in the school and has to be solved in expectancy.Aid to scholars and their voice.Teachers should steer scholars towards their ain behavior. Passing opinion on lawbreakers ‘ action instructors should alternatively inquire inquiries that encourage scholars to judge their ain behavior. They should remain focused and if need be, assist scholars to accept ownership of their actions. Teachers should steer scholars for bettering future behavior. They should inquire scholars to explicate alternate ways of acting the following clip they are confronted with similar state of affairss. Teache rs should construct scholars ‘ committedness to their programs by giving them feedback and support. Learners will experience more committed if instructors acknowledge the cogency of their programs. Making this could be every bit simple as oculus contact. Teachers should non let onionskin alibis are the lone service to avoid duty. Harmonizing to Rich ( 1982:169 ) â€Å" school regulations may be breached when scholars feel that they are undue † . This will doubtless go on if scholars were non allowed to take portion in the preparation of regulations. It is hence necessary that scholars must understand why regulations have been formulated and why they should follow with them. Again, harmonizing to Blandford ( 1998:39 ) â€Å" a school without an effectual subject policy that encompasses schemes and mechanisms that are available to all the members of the school community, can non work as a centre for learning and larning. † The procedure of developing and implementing subject policy involves collaborative decision-making. Therefore, all the members of the school should hold an chance to take portion in the decision-making. Sunday Times ( South African newspaper ) of 12.01. 1992, noted that â€Å" grade 12 scholars in black townships in South Africa, were continuously neglecting because of the conspicuous deficiency of subject among them. † It is of import that subject should be maintained at all times in schools and that each and every school must hold a codification of behavior. Teachers should avoid doing irrelevant regulations because this will make serious disciplinary jobs in the school and the schoolroom. McQueen ( 1992:56 ) supports this position and infinite that â€Å" irrelevant regulations are useless and black because ailing chosen regulations will make serious direction and disciplinary jobs in the schoolroom state of affairs.Motivating and promoting scholars.They word â€Å" motive † is derived from a Latin word â€Å" movere † significance to travel ( McLean, 2003:7 ) . Therefore, motive is the amount of all that moves a individual to action. To actuate indicate tha t one individual provides another individual with a motivation to make something. Motivation can be regarded as the cardinal facet of emotional intelligence. Harmonizing to the South African Oxford Dictionary ( 1998:285 ) . The term â€Å" motivate † means to give a individual a motivation or inducement to make something. Harmonizing to Word mention online, con sized Oxford lexicon ( 2008 ) the word â€Å" motive † means â€Å" excite the involvement of. † First, it has a directional undertakings taking among options and keeping the action desired. Second, it has strength, for illustration degree of enthusiasm ( McLean 2003:37 ) . Harmonizing to Burden ( 1995:16 ) . Most pedagogues use the construct motive to depict â€Å" those procedures which can elicit any initiate behavior, continue to let the behavior to prevail, and lead to taking or preferring a specific behavior. † Teachers are hence interested in a peculiar kind of scholar motive which is to act uate scholars to larn. Teachers should guarantee that scholars are motivated to larn and act suitably because demotivated scholars get discouraged easy. Teachers should honor scholars when they are acting good for finishing their work. They should make this through congratulations and category acknowledgment. Any program for covering with misbehaviour must include encouragement of good behavior, otherwise learners learn what they are non make, but they have non learnt what they should make. To further discourse the impact of schoolroom subject is partially involves on the scholars conduct, are the ability and accomplishments that instructors should hold. Patience comes foremost, particularly when a scholar has a behavioral job, and this should be given attending in an appropriate manner, hence as portion of the instructors responsibilities and duties. Making it a point that effectual instruction makes scholars learned. The instructor plays a important function in which it imparts the cognition and accomplishments to the scholars and the instructor should love and demo the deep-seated love in the calling that is believed he or she chose it volitionally. The instructor must hold the enterprise on how to cover with each scholar in category, doing it his or her responsibility to affect to maintain scholars busy and at the same clip see their category as gratifying and holding a great impact on the field of larning. Taking into awareness that scholars differ in their abilities and instructors should cognize up to what extent would a peculiar be able absorb the lesson. Skills coupled with effectual schoolroom subject can be acquired through pattern, holding feedback and besides willing to accept merely errors is no 1 is infallible. Teachers must walk the talk. Teachers who have many old ages of experience have contributed to a specific position of what peculiar technique work and what are the relevant methods that may non be applicable in training a category with such inevitable scholars ‘ behavioral facet. The instructor must do it a point that the instruction method and manner or managing subject must keep a sort of ambiance that enhances larning for the scholars. The manner the category is arranged signifiers portion of category subject. A good category agreement makes it easy to keep subject. It is the instructors ‘ duty to be argus-eyed at all times to supervise and detect scholars ‘ public presentation in activities. Apparatus, books learning AIDSs and other stuff should ever be readily available. Harmonizing to Ofsted study of the 30th to 31st of March 2009. It is stated that Manchester Academy is † outstanding † This shows that Manchester Academy as a school is working really hard to bring forth good hereafter citizens. The 2009 study further stated that the school aims to to the full fit the pupils in such a sensible mode. Learners are expected to travel into the outside universe, skilled and ready to run into the demands of life. Parents and instructors have a responsibility to fix them to execute good in the community every bit good is in the universe of work. They must hold an impact upon the scholars ‘ behavior by learning them about the determinations and choices the scholars have to do every twenty-four hours and how such determinations and hints affected their lives, both at school and thenceforth. For illustration, â€Å" a disciplinary step against a scholar who comes to school tardily will help to promote him or her to be on clip and be more responsible and accountable in the hereafter ( Lemmer, 1998:47 ) . Discipline challenges the scholars to make self-contemplation about their end and intent in life. Discipline should stress success and non failure. It should help the scholars to develop their single abilities in order to run into challenges of life with assurance. If this has occur red the scholars would hold gained a sense of security and significance in life through subject Lent at school.Decision.Learners of Manchester Academy are good disciplined. They are good motivated and they besides had an chance to research themselves outside the schoolroom, hence they say that they are â€Å" prepared exceptionally good for farther survey and work beyond the school. † The school ‘s positive clime and success are obtained from the good behavior of scholars. The instructors in a subject school our free and happy to learn without being preoccupied with tenseness and fright caused by misconducting scholars. The disciplinary jobs that are common in lending to, indiscipline in Manchester Academy seems to be identified and discussed with scholars so that proactive actions are taken to advance good subject. Rights and responsibilities of instructors and their part in keeping subject merely at that place because it is said that the â€Å" follow policy. † See appendix. Educators seem to back up the school principal/headmaster by guaranting that the scholars observe school regulations and ordinances in they are held responsible for any misbehaviour hence the school has a commission responsible for behavior harmonizing to their types. Teachers can non work in isolation in acquiring read of ill-disciplined behavior in category in the school as a whole. It takes an attempt from all the stakeholders, including the school, parents and scholars to minimise deficiency of subject. See appendix.

Four Star Case Study Essay

tetrad principal sum is a mattress manufacturer known for a focus on quality, yieldivity and client service. In enunciate to meet market place demand from clients as well as competition foursome head increase proliferation of mattress varieties offering a total of 230 diametrical model types at one time. This modify ca employ quad maven to experience useable issues and bad memorial management, resulting in unhopeful profitability and productivity. Of the many problems faced by quaternary wizardry, proliferation of mattress varieties and its impact on operations and archive management is their biggest issue. This has had a major(ip) impact on the things that cardinal maven once prided itself on quality, productivity and customer service. Having 230 product variations created extremely long erect fill identifys resulting in a loss of customers and created a great convey of customer dissatisfaction.There was also added pressure placed on four thaumaturge employe es to fill siteings. Having so many unsated employees put Four champion at risk for loosing employees which would add additional form to the deed process. In addition, large dealers who would typically sell and inventory Four Star products began limiting the number of mattresses stored due to their softness to predict which of the 230 varieties a customer would purchase. Instead, LDs would detainment until a customer placed an high society to request inventory from Four Star. Upon regularise placement LDs expected fast inventory arrival which is the level of service they were used to getting barely due to the tension placed on the Four Star manufacturing operation they were having trouble filling orders. This resulted in dealers no longer committing to placing orders with Four Star. Four Star in additionk on the burden of carrying inventory which was an additional expense for the organization placing added song on the overall manufacturing process. Four Star soon bega n to see decreased sales revenue. Sia Meng considered several selections to smoothly manage its operations.The commencement exercise option was to reduce the number of mattress models manufacture back to 40 or 60, levels at which the confederation germinated in 1996 and 1998. This would be a very effective solve to the issues cosmos had with Four Star since historical information shows that revenues and customer satisfaction levels were up and the company was not experiencing such turmoil in its manufacturing. In addition, it has also been proven by the behavior of the dealers that there are to a fault many mattress varieties. Reducing model levels would financial aid increase revenue. Another option organism investigated by Sia Meng is to insist on a token(prenominal) order size by dealers.This requirement from dealers would help stream neckcloth the order and production process and allow Four Star a window of chance to fulfill orders within a commonsensical timeframe an d increase customer satisfaction. The last option being considered is to reduce safety blood line requirements for finished mattresses. This is not a possible option for Four Star. The company is already having major issues and relocating would not fix the ingrained turmoil that exists. Below are my recommendations for how Four Star can reconfigure its product design, manufacturing and order fulfillment process. Product DesignFour Star should begin all mattresses with the like basic design and alter the product to meet customers needs. This could let in adding more(prenominal) coils and the quilt cover depending on the customers request. This would allow Four Star to inventory and produce a limited number of materials needed to produce a mattress because all mattresses would use the identical basic formula with modifications. For example, if Four Star received an order for one of its premium mattresses, the number of coils added to the mattress would be adjusted whence as we ll as the quilted cover. Doing so would reduce the fill rate and limit frustration of employees working on the production line as they would be working to produce a less(prenominal) complicated product with less travel parts.ManufacturingIt is recommended that Four Star keep its preparation where it is currently to work out the production issues they are experiencing before determining whether paltry to another location would be more lucrative. There are currently too many other issues looming with the production line to isolate any one main(prenominal) cause for the issue. To Order FulfillmentTo mend the order fulfillment process it is recommended that Four Star enforce a minimum order quantity on its dealers. Doing so may initially increase inventory costs for Four Star but the long term benefits could outweigh this forgetful term frustration. Enforcing a minimum order quantity would also allow dealers to hard-boiled better expectations with customers and increase customer satisfaction.