Hunting should be legal Essay Example for Free

Hunting should be legal Essay The subject of keeping hunting legal is a controversial topic. I believe that hunting should be legal. If not, many animals would die because of overpopulation. A substantial amount of our food comes from hunting animals. Many years ago, some people used hunting to survive because they couldnt buy a lot of their food. Another question is that isnt fishing the same thing as hunting so should they stop fishing if they stop hunting? Some people feel disheartened over it. Also people entreat their Congressmen to keep hunting legal; still others are uncertain whether it should be legal or not. Ultimately, I think that it should be legal if not there would be a dominate amount of animals. Here are seven reasons why hunting should to be legal in every state. There is overpopulation with many animals. One season without hunting could be fickle to the population of animals. Many of these animals will die in winter by illnesses, starvation, etc. if they are not killed during the hunting season. If hunting were illegal, the animal population would grow larger and out of control. The population of animals would grow, but the amount of food would decrease. The animals would slowly die of a grim, inhumane death of starvation. It is a proven fact that a link exists between hunting and flu cases. The more hunting that occurs in a certain area, the fewer flu cases there are in that area. Scientists are not quite sure why this trend happens, but they cannot deny the findings. One reason might be ticks might carry the flu virus. If there are fewer animals for the ticks to infest, there are fewer ticks to carry the virus. The overpopulation of animals like bears and mountain lions has resulted in attacks against people. If the population of predator animals is controlled, then the more food there will be for these animals, and they wont attack people when searching for food. Farm animals and rural pets are killed by wild animals because there is not enough food to go around. As stated in reason three, the animals will have more food, if there are a smaller number of them. Commercial farms have lost crops because of wild animals. So actuality, to stop hunting would only hurt the economy. As the herd of grazing animals gets larger, the animals seek food where they can find it. They will eat the farmers crops for food. Sometimes, they eradicate acres of crops. There are many cases where animals have actually broken into peoples homes and caused a considerable amount of damage while looking for food. Since the animals cant find food in their own habitat, they move into developed areas searching for food. Many auto accidents are cause by wild animals. Drivers either hit the animal or swerve to miss them and get injured or even killed. Pennsylvania leads the list of the highest number of auto accidents involving deer. State Farm estimates that 1. 5 million vehicles collide with deer every year, resulting in 150 motorists deaths and $1. 1 billion in vehicle damages. From www. unsolvedmysteries. com/usm401731. html www. medicalecology. org/diseases/lyme/lyme_disease. html http://money. cnn. com/2005/11/04/news/newsmakers/deer/.

Factors That Determine the Success of Supermarkets

Factors That Determine the Success of Supermarkets 4.1 The general factors that determines the success of supermarkets Supermarkets are using all kinds of tricks to attract customers from introducing to new offers to give them loyalty discount. Supermarkets are providing all kind of incentives to customers. And starts of online shopping of grocery service by Supermarkets have created more convenience for the consumers to order their groceries from the comfort of their home. Here the author is discussing the success factors of the Supermarkets. 4.1.1 Range of choice The Supermarkets sells range of products. Consumers have wide variety of choice to select the product they want. It is important for the supermarkets to keep all the products in stock otherwise consumers will move to other supermarket or retailers. Consumers are very sensitive on what they buying. They always like that the supermarket they shop should keep the products in stock all the time. Supermarkets always monitor the consumer buying trend and always keep the certain products in stock all the time. It is also important that supermarkets should keep all the products in stock at all their stores. Now supermarkets even sells the ethnic foods like, Indian, African to attract ethnic customers. 4.1.2 Products must be on shelves Products should be on stock is important but what more important is to they must be on shelves. All the products must be properly displayed and the product mix must be adequate so it becomes easy for the consumers to choose the products. Supermarkets monitors what consumer buys most with the particular product or what he/she would like to buy with that product and then they display those products in the store next to each other. It makes easy for the consumers to choose products easily. It is also been seen that Supermarkets always display basic necessity products like Milk, Bread etc. in the last corner of the store so consumers have to reach there by passing and looking at all other products which attracts them and persuade to buy. 4.1.3 Effective Marketing Supermarkets use all sorts of marketing strategy to attract the customers. Their adverts are more customer centric which they like attract. For e.g., Asda attracts customers with the slogan Always low price. Tesco slogan is Every little helps as they wants to attract a large economical consumer group which cannot afford premium supermarkets like Waitrose and John Lewis. Marks Spenser (MS) and Waitrose attract the premium customers and also create their own brand values. Sainsburys and Morrisons attract a medium range customer who wants quality food at competitive range. Sainsburys slogan is Try something new today while Morrisons message is Better than half price at Morrisons, Great savings on big brands at Morrisons. This is the reason Marks Spenser slogan for the food range is This is not just food, it is MS food and same way Waitrose slogan is everyone deserves quality food. However, supermarkets try to focuses the consumer group they like to attract. 4.1.4 Pricing Strategy Price is the major factor which influence to consumers to switch to other supermarkets or retailer. Supermarkets compete with each other to sell the products at the best rate to the consumers. Tesco and Asda is the biggest competitor in the economical consumer range. They are trying to sell the products to best price to retail the customer loyalty to supermarket. Many supermarkets offers price comparison on their website so the consumers can see how much they have saved on their shopping. Most supermarkets also show the competitors price next to products in their shelves in order to make it easy for the consumers to compare. It is the biggest success factor of the Supermarkets. 4.3 Tescos Success During the Recession A Case Study Tesco has presence in 14 countries and have 4300 stores across the globe. It has declared 10% increase in its profit to  £3.5bn. According to Sir Terry Leahy, a Chief Executive of Tesco, Tesco is stronger than it was before recession. It now accounts for more than  £3 out of every  £10 spent on food by British shoppers, while its non-food sales, (clothing, home wares) have topped  £10bn. (Guardian, 2010) Tescos belief is to look after the customers. It also believes that if we sell more we can get better buying terms and those results in to lower price and higher profit margins. Lower prices can bring large sales volume and the cycle continues. Its rewarding Club card is another mile stone in success of Tesco. Tesco has succeeded in making itself largely classless, with price ranges designed to cater across the board. (Guardian, 2010) According to Sir Terry Leahy, Chief Executive of Tesco, during the recession when customers everywhere are feeling the economic strain, Tesco is responding to their changing needs by lowering prices, introducing more affordable products and offering even sharper promotions. (Tesco PLC, 2009) Here the author has discussed the success factors in detail. 4.3.1 Lower Price During the economic downturn consumers tends to limit on their spending and looking for the cheap bargain products. Tesco has large consumer group. It is easy for them to buy large quantity to meet the demand in order to meet the consumer requirement at a lower price. So they can offer the products at a lower price to customers. Consumer can also compare the price of the products they buying to make it easy for the consumer to select the products. 4.3.2 Affordable Products Tesco sells various brands products. During the recession, consumer looking for the more economical solution to of those of the branded products. Tesco grab the opportunity and offered its own brand product which are same in the quality but at a cheap price. It bagged huge success for the Tesco. Now Tesco sells all ranges of its own brand from packed food to toiletries. 4.3.3 Promotions Offers In the recession, consumers looking for better promotions and offers to save money. There would be always various attractive offers in the Tesco stores for consumers. In order to maintain the customer loyalty Tesco tries to sell the products at the same prices or lower than its rivals. 4.3.4 Clubcard Tescos one of the biggest success factors is its award winning Clubcard loyalty scheme. Clubcard gives rewards to regular customers at the regular interval. Dunnhumby, Tesco co-own research group, analyses the shopping habits of its 16 million cardholders. (Guardian, 2010) Tesco knows more about its shoppers than any of its rivals and can tailor offers to customers. The analysis helps to analyse the consumer regular buying habit and make it easy for the Tesco to locate it easily for the consumers. 4.4 Effects of Recession on Supermarket Industry 4.4.1 Secondary Research It seems that relatively Supermarket industry to beunaffected by the recession. Companies such as Tesco, Sainsburys, Morrisons and Lidl are still experiencing growth. Research has shown that Tescos turnover increased from  £47.3 billion in 2008 to  £54.3 billion in 2009 (Tesco PLC, 2009) while Lidl ltd. (2009), has experienced a 93% increase in turnover from 2005 to 2009. It was been expected from Lidl, as it is a heavy branded discounter. During times of recession market leaders tend to loose customers to the hard discounters who consumers choose during a recession (Mattioli, 2009). According to TNS Global World Panel, Sainsburys market share increased to 16.1% in 2009 compared to 15.8% in 2008 and Morrisons was also up and holds 11.6% market share in 2009. While Asda has shown slight growth and had 16.8% market shares in 2009. At the same time Tesco has lose 0.1% in market share but it still counts 30.8% market share in the industry in 2009. (BBC, 2009) All the supermarkets are battling to retain the consumers loyalty. They are trying to attract them with their budget range of products. In the contrary the local shops have suffered a lot. Because people believe that shopping at local shop would be expensive. In the 2009, Local shop sells was  £550mn which was  £50mn less than 2008. According to Dean Best, analyst at just-food.com, local stores can survive if they emphasise the service and the product knowledge that people feel they cant find in the big four supermarkets. (BBC, 2009) 4.4.2 Primary Research To explore the effect of recession Supermarket Industry, the author has done a primary research to find out the consumer behaviour during the recession in order to find out the habit and patterns of the consumers. Author has also tried to find out the impact of VAT increase on the consumer buying behaviour. 4.4.1 Questionnaire Research (Appendices 1) The questionnaire has 15 questions. There were 34 participants. While asking about their annual income only 88% participants were ready to give information while 12% participants didnt want to give that information. Those who gave their income details, 53% salary ranges  £10000- £19999, 30% ranges  £0- £9999, 10% ranges from  £20000- £29999 and only 7% participants salary was  £40,000+. There were 71% male participants and 29% female participants. Q.3 Gender Question 4 and 5 asked about impact of increase in VAT on buying behaviour. We received some interesting results (see figure 4.2). Out of 34 participants 71% responded that it will affect their buying behaviour while 29% says that it will have no effect as the increase would be very nominal and not noticeable. As we can see from the figure 4.2, 35% participants saying that the increase in VAT will badly affect their daily shopping. As they have to do large shopping and overall house budget will increase and savings will be decreased. Some respondents says that they will have to be careful on what they spending now as smaller purchases are not noticeable but they really impact on the household budget. 47% respondents are saying that effect of increase in VAT would be little as the increase is just 2.5% and the price increase would be few pence. And with surprise, 18% respondents are saying that it will not affect at all. Question 6 and 7 asked about the money spend on groceries and non groceries each week in UK pounds. The author has received very mixed responses. 29% of participants were spending  £15- £29 on groceries while 18% spending less than  £15 and another 18% says they spend only  £30- £40 on groceries. In non groceries 41% participants were spending less than while another 24% and 18% spending only  £15-29 and  £30- £44 respectively. This data shows that the participants are spending more money on groceries compare to non grocery product in the recession. While asking them about this difference they replied that groceries are basic needs, demand will be the same whether there is recession or not (however this type of demand may change qualitatively). However the non groceries items can be controlled by them during the recession while prices are rising. Q.6 About how much do you spend on groceries each week? Q.5 About how much do you spend on non groceries each week? Question 8 there are some actions given which normally people do in recession. They are to control spending (stop using services/products, buy less), replace only when needed (or buy smaller packages), do it yourself (homemade food, prepare/organise/make by yourself), shop smarter (buy when promotions and discounts available), seek value for money (comparing prices, search for lower ones). While asking the participants to pick 1 or 2, highest pick the seek value for money (24%), 23% responded that they will shop smarter, 21% said that they will control spending. Only 16% said they will replace when needed and do by themselves like, preparing food at home rather than getting from outside. This shows that there is an effect of recession on participants that is why they are comparing prices, search for lower ones, buy when promotions and discounts available during shopping. However they had few responses on controlling spending like stop using services/products, buy less, use homemade f ood, prepare/organise/ make by themselves. While asking the reasons they replied that the main reason is regular fixed income. They all are working fulltime or part time, retired participants have their pension income. This shows that the retail stores have to change their marketing style they should get the trust or make the customer believe that they are saving money while shopping in that store. For example many of supermarket also make place of emphasis on providing value for money. Supermarkets have focused on these consumers and created a lot of special offer to attract them during recession. And the result is supermarkets have done better during the recession than other retail industries. Q.8 In terms of the recession what do you prefer to do? Opinion Percentage control spending (for example: stop using services/products, buy less) 21% replace only when needed (or buy smaller packages) 16% do-it-yourself (for example: home-made food, prepare/organise/make by yourself) 16% shop smarter (for example: buy when promotions and discounts available) 23% seek value for money(for example: comparing prices, search for lower ones) 24% Table 4.4: In terms of the recession what do you prefer to do? Figure 4.5: In terms of the recession what do you prefer to do? Question 9 asked respondents to quantify the factors which made them shop. There were choices like important or unimportant, exciting or unexciting, interesting or boring and fun or nor fun. Finding suggests that for grocery shopping is important but its not very exciting, interesting or fun because it is regular basis shopping. However for non grocery items for example electric goods it is not regular shopping so it is more important, exciting, interesting and more fun. Obviously this small sample suggests that non grocery retailing lot benefit making their product proposition very exciting. The author would also suggest that the same has been and can be applied to grocery retailing. Q.9 Shopping for you is Question 10 asked respondents there is a list of factors which are important for the people while deciding where to do their weekly grocery shopping. The finding shows 44% of participants have given more importance to Low Price. Second factor which got high importance (78%) is accessed example On Public Transport Route. 44% of participants have given importance to Promotion and Special Offers, 67% to availability of Cash Machine and 50% to Customer Service/Friendly and helpful staff. However the research shows that 25% of participants gave more importance to High Quality while 29% has given a little importance to the High Quality. On the other hand the research revealed that 75% of participants give no importance to Store Loyalty Cards and Schemes. 100% participants give no importance to Online Ordering or Delivery Schemes or Large selection of Organic Goods in respect of grocery shopping. They said that because of the recession period they are giving more priority to low price products and services, and Promotional offers. Lots of people are travelling by public transport to save money and time that is why they give more importan ce on Public Transport Route. Highest Quality comes with high price so in this recession few participants give priority to it. When one looks at results, ranking of respondents does it mean the price is now order winner and quality is becoming a more qualifier (a given). Q.10 What is important for you while deciding where to do your weekly grocery shopping? Question 11 and 12 asked respondents which grocery and non grocery chain they usually use (See appendix 1). The study revealed that more participants are using economical supermarket chain like Aldi, Asda, Tesco, Morrisons, Iceland, Co-operative Group and Sainsbury. While very few participants are using Mark and Spencer, Waitrose in their regular shopping. However in non grocery shopping participants express that they use Argos, Asda and Currys most because of their good promotions and offers. While they use very little other chains like PC World, Staples, Comet, etc. For grocery chains Aldi is obviously the super discounter where as Tesco cannot be classified as such. And the Co operative Group generally has high price compare to other main chains. Our result of the number is the stores in the area. Or it is genuinely due to economics. For non grocery chains this is little bit more obvious; Currys and Argos are definitely non grocery whereas Asda is a grocery store our 23% who shops for non grocery products at Asda; simply buying Asda brand products example George. Q.11 Which grocery chain do you usually use? Q.12 Which non-grocery chain do you usually use? In question 13 the author has asked to express the participants views in relation to the supermarket they spend most. After getting their views it reveals that there should be more special deals in the local grocery stores, they think most supermarkets are same, they want to maximise their return on their spending by getting the best quality at the low price, they are not convince by the supermarket status, they have a lower belief that supermarkets are reliable in the delivery of product and service. However they have trust in their supermarket, they also have concern that the supermarket are concerns for the customer being well, they do not believe that they have relationship with supermarket, they would go to the more than one supermarket rather than sticking to one, they are happy with the customer service provided by the supermarket and they want that supermarket should make more efforts to getting to know their customers that what they like or dislikes. There are some important issues which arise from data. Nine of the respondents agree or strongly agree they are not interested in bargain seeking however the stores selected in Question 11 were bargain stores example Aldi, Tesco. Another contradiction to in the above is that 5 out of 9 respondents agreed or strongly agreed that it was important to keep up special deals at grocery stores because consumers wants to get more from their spending. All respondents indicated that they always try to maximise quality for the money spend. This seems to correlate with response given about the importance of quality in Question 10. Perhaps the most impressive agreement was in the survey was that participants did not perceive that supermarket did not make any effort for what they like. On positive side of supermarket is that most of the participants trust the supermarket they shop at, believe it would not trick them and its reliable for deliver goods and services. Q.13 Please indicate your agreement or disagreement with the following statements in the relation to the supermarket you spend most. Statements Strongly agree Agree neither nor disagree Strongly disagree I have little or no grocery shopping 4 3 7 11 9 Im not interested in bargain seeking 4 5 4 16 5 Its important for me to keep up with special deals being offered by the grocery stores in my area 3 18 6 7    Most of the supermarkets are all alike 4 18 3 7 2 While purchasing the product I always try to maximise the quality I get for the money I spend 8 18 5 2 1 When people see me purchasing from this store they form an opinion of me 2 4 18 9 1 The supermarket is reliable in the delivery of product and service 1 21 8 3 1 The supermarket in which I shop wont trick me 4 14 11 3 2 I feel the supermarket is concerned about its customers being well 3 10 14 6 1 I trust the supermarket, I shop at 2 17 13 2    I would recommend the supermarket to others 3 16 10 4 1 I am loyal to the supermarket 3 9 13 7 2 I have relationship with the supermarket 2 4 16 9 2 Id prefer to go to the only one supermarket for my shopping 4 5 7 14 4 Store loyalty cards are not worth having. The supermarket just wants us to think more positive about it 3 10 12 6 3 Being satisfied with the supermarket makes me loyal to it 3 15 11 4 1 The loyalty card makes me to repurchase at the same store 1 8 10 12 3 Im satisfied with the way the supermarket informs me about its products/services 3 8 18 4    Im satisfied with customer service at the supermarket 2 14 11 5 2 Id love the supermarket to make more efforts in getting to know what I like and dislike 7 16 7 3 1 Table 4.10: The supermarket you spend most In Question 12 participants asked to give their opinions that which promotions appeal them most. It shows that promotion from Asda and Tesco appeals them most. They are also attracted to promotions of Morrisons, Aldi, Marks Spencer and Sainsburys. But the promotion from the Waitrose and Lidl has less impact on them. They shop at Tesco, they like Tesco, this seems it appears to be fertile ground for super discounters like Aldi. Q.14 Which promotions mostly appeals to you? Promotions Percentage Only 1 pound each! Half price! Earn nectar points too. Sainsburys. Try something new today. 15% All the ingredients for a great picnic. (Well even supply a free rug or cool bag.) Waitrose. Everyone deserves quality food. 6% Better than half price at Morrisons. Great savings on big brands at Morrisons. Price crunch. Save 4.5pounds! 10% Tesco. Every little helps. Half price. 99p each. Its more rewarding with Clubcard 25% Wider choice. Lower price. ASDA. Saving you money every day. 22% Lidl. Seriously cheaper! Available in-store now. Sensational Deal! Incredible Offer! 5% The big deal. Aldis biggest summer deals. On sale 30th July. Aldi. Spend a little Live a lot. Hurry, once theyre gone, theyre gone. 9% Offer ends Sunday. Dine in for two  £10. Summer menu now being served. Yours MS. Quality worth every penny 9% Table 4.11: Which promotions mostly appeals to you? Figure 4.9: Which promotions mostly appeals to you? 4.4 Summary In this chapter has explored how Supermarkets got success during the recession with their strategy. Supermarkets have given a great lesson to other retail industry how to survive during the recession. Supermarkets havent just survived but they have outperformed. In the next chapter author will give conclusion and recommendation how other retail industry can survive during the recession like Supermarkets. Words: 2879 Finch, J. (2010), Tesco beats the recession to unveil record profits again, Guardian, [Online] Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/25/tesco-record-profits-terry-leahy (Accessed on: 16th January 2011) Tesco Plc (2009), TESCO: Growth in Tough Times, [Online] Available from: http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/ir/pres_results/results/r2009/2009-04-21/2009-04-21.pdf (Accessed on: 16th January 2011) Farnham, J. (2009), Recession bites into eating habits, [Online], Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8124352.stm (Accessed on: 16th January 2011) Lidl ltd (2009) Company Report Mattioli, D. (2009) In Recession Specials, Small Firms Revise Pricing Discounts and Lower-End Offerings Help Lure Cash-Strapped Customers; Vans Complement Limo Services Town Cars Wall Street Journal, Jun 9, 2009: B.5 Tesco PLC (2009) Company Report

The Cyclops: An Unusual People :: essays research papers fc

The Cyclops: An Unusual People   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cyclopes were unique and unusual mythical people. They had very interesting lives. They had an unusual beginning and they had an unusual lifestyle. Also, the Cyclopes appeared to be completely different when described by opposing viewpoints. Overalll, the Cyclopes were an unconventional race in mythical legends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cyclopes had an intriguing origin. They were the eldest sons of Mother Earth, Gaia, and Father Heaven, Uranus (Evslin 1). While the Cyclopes were still in the womb of Gaia, Uranus got jealous of the babies. He sent a bat to eat one eye out of each baby to make them hideous and thus make everybody hate them (Evslin). Because of what Uranus executed, the baby Cyclopes were born with one eye. They grew to be of gigantic size (Hamilton 65). This beginning of the era of the Cyclopes proved to be a unique situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the Cyclopes were born disfigured they led attracting lives. The Cyclopes had a brother named Cronos who killed his father Uranus (Evslin 13). Since everyone was afraid of the Cyclopes (2), Cronos punished them by tricking them into imprisonment. Zeus, the son of Cronos and the new god king, freed them after Cronos had imprisoned them (31). The Cyclopes were very good smiths (12). They forged thunderbolts for Zeus because he freed them (Schmidt 74). A war was in the midst so the Cyclopes made armor and weapons for the gods of Olympus (Evslin 39). Even though the Cyclopes performed all of these good deeds the people still disliked them so much that they were forced to return to their smithy in the middle of a volcano for eternity (71). The Cyclopes lives were filled with helpfulness to others, but they were still shunned and hated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cyclopes were basically good people, but there were other Cyclopes. Homer wrote of Cyclopes that were extremely bad. They were downright savage shepherds (Schmidt 74). They were so savage that they did not give a thought before they devoured humans. They almost ate Odysseus, the main character of

Philosophy - The Dialectical Method :: miscellaneous

Philosophy - The Dialectical Method There are a lot many descriptions for the word dialectic. By viewing all of them what I have ended up concluding in the given context, i.e. Socrates’ Dialectical Method, is that: Dialectic is a variety of languages, conceivably a sort of a composition of the languages in this variety. The word comes from Ancient Greek dialektos, which is derived from dialegesthai, meaning to discourse, converse, and talk. By this root of the word, in this context, I deduce that Dialectics is a method in which people from different walks of life, contained by different personal philosophies (languages) are set together to discuss on a single word, sentence, thought, topic etc. explaining their personal views supported by logical reasons defending their argument. This discussion is meant to have all the possible view points on that particular subject with in a group of people and finally to deduce a definition for the subject which is acceptable by all the individuals involved. The ultimate goal for having Dialectic seems to search for the real the truth. Socratic Dialectical Method Well for this I think first we should know what nature Socrates had, it will help us knowing the uniqueness of Socrates’ method. Socrates was a man of the Periclean age, which witnessed one of the periodic â€Å"bankruptcies of science.† Cosmological speculation, which had been boldly pursued from the beginning of the 6th century, seemed to have led to a chaos of conflicting systems of thought. People had turned away from pursue of science and concentrated themselves not with truth but with making a successful human life. In this time of chaos and individualism, Socrates was the most realistic person in sight. He was always searching for more than the meanings of things already had. He wanted proof of what was defined, proof which would give logical reasons for it self. He was ‘an inquirer’, unsatisfied and still looking for truth. Unlike others he was not self-centered, always ready to be corrected. His nature of being broad minded reflected his way of teaching people, which actually seems to be learning by them. This is the beauty of his method, called as The Socratic Dialectical Method. Procedure Socrates did not call people towards him self, he went out towards them and asked them their views instead of lecturing and forcing his thoughts on them. It was a dialogue form discussion, where individuals brought up their view points on a particular subject set by Socrates.

Industry and Corporate Risk :: essays research papers

Introduction Organizations today face several business risks that can have an effect on their financial statements. The audit risk model is a tool that auditors use to help identify those risks. To better understand how the audit risk model can help identify risks, we will examine how the model can be applied to the Coca-Cola Corporation and the limitations of using the model. Components of the Model The audit risk model is composed of the equation, audit risk (AR) equals inherent risk (IR) times control risk (CR) times detection risk (DR). Audit risk is the risk that the auditor may fail to modify their opinion on misstatements in the financial statements. Inherent risk is the risk of an assertion being made on material misstatements, assuming that there is no problem with related internal controls. Control risk is the risk that material misstatements could occur in an assertion that are not detected or prevented by the existing internal controls. Detection risk is the risk that the auditor will not detect a material misstatement in the assertion (Messier, 2003, pg. 94). In the process of assessing the auditee risk, the auditor must determine the entity’s business risk. This can be done by evaluating the nature of the entity, industry, regulatory, and other external factors, management, governance, objective and strategies, measurement and performance, and business processes (Messier, 2003, pg. 98). Examples of possible business risks can be found in the Coca-Cola Corporation. Coca-Cola faces different regulatory practices since it has operations in countries outside of the United States. These operations include North America, Africa, Asia, Europe, Eurasia, and Middle East, and Latin America. Another business risk for Coca-Cola is that the nature of the business can be seasonal. The demand for the product can fluctuate from one location to another and may fluctuate over time within a single location. Coca-Cola also acquired ownership or licensing rights to products in Croatia, Argentina, Mexico, and Bahrain in 2004, which create new business risks. The company also uses two different units of measurement to figure sales. The measurements are gallons and cases of finished products. The difference in measurement can cause errors in measurement, therefore possibly creating another business risk (Coca-Cola, March 4, 2005, pg. 2, 4). Applying the Model The use of the audit risk model should be applied at the account balance or class of transaction level. There are three steps to applying the model, the steps include setting a planned level of audit risk, determining inherent and control risk, and solving the risk equation in order to determine the appropriate level of detection risk (Messier, 2003, pg.

Review Answers On Contemporary Drama Essay

With the many plays present and available, the tile of this particular contemporary play caught me since it was very unusual, and I wanted to know whether it was alluding to a deeper metaphorical meaning or just a play with a different contextual meaning—like a satire of some sort as to what George Orwell did in Animal Farm. Moreover, the title seems intriguing—this is brought on by the visual impact of the Dead Rats since it is both gory and gruesome. 2) Review the playwright’s literary elements: a. Provide a plot summary. The summary of the play is unusual since it itself does not seem to follow a normal plot pattern or any plot at all. The play instead is in the format of a â€Å"stream of consciousness† wherein there is a jumping of characters, themes, and motif. Just as the plot was making sense or beginning to make a point, it shifts to different characters and stories. But I believe that that is mainly the point or summary of the plot—the voices or the many characters in the mind of a person which shifts immediately and suddenly without warning. There seem to be so many characters, but they have no common factor, and yet they are connected somehow. b. Identify the genre. How do you know? It is hard to identify the genre of the play, but it can be considered as a psychological contemporary play. This is for the reason that the play seems to happen inside the mind and yet not entirely in it. There are allusions of the psychological treatment from the very start of the play—from the voices which the man is hearing to the presence of Dr. Green or School Master Green who is treating a patient by the name of Mary or Marie with multiple personalities or multiple interpretations of reality and fantasy. The entire play itself is confusing since it keeps shifting and turning with the characters and the mention of either the mentally disturbed or the dead. c. What is the theme? The theme is most exemplified at the end of the play wherein the dead character by the name of Ann tells the audience that â€Å"she continues†: Everything continues, and I will continue. I can see right through your silence, right through into your mind, deep inside behind your face, way back, where you really think, and I know just how hard it is, how hard the pain hits you, but look at me, hear me. I continue. After the lights go down, I continue. (Knag, 2009, n. p. ) The whole play is about the inner realms of thinking and of the mind; that is to say, just because someone is dead or not there anymore does not mean they cease to exist—because everyone continues. d. Is there spectacle present in the play? If so, how did it affect your reading of the play? There are a lot of spectacles present in the play, like the outbursts of the emotions of the characters or the killing of the Little Waif character also known as Marie or Mary. These so-called spectacles made me more interested with the play and made me want to find out what is happening and what was going on. 3) If you could change any part of the plot in your selected play, what would you amend? I think the author, Paul Knag, already did a fine job with the play. Even if the play is very confusing, startling, and gruesome, it was very well-written and intriguing to the point that the reader is made breathless with the drama and action going on. However, there are some points which I would want to change. For instance, it seems that are too many scene changes and props needed. The practicality of producing such contemporary play should be considered since the play itself is quite simple. Hence, there is no need for theatrical displays of props and settings since in my opinion, the psychological beauty and seriousness of the play can still come out if there are simpler props and settings included. For example, instead of traveling from one place to another to determine the shift from train station to the actual destination, there can be a play with light, darkness, and space as to pertain to the shift. Reference

Acute Ankle Inversion Sprain Health And Social Care Essay

Ankle is a complex articulation which is categorized as a flexible joint articulation. It is one of the of import constituent for ambulation in worlds. Ankle sprains are one of the commonest hurts in sports. It accounts for 20 % of all athleticss hurts ( Bergfeld J ; 2004 ) .In India, incidence rate of mortise joint sprain histories for 0.31 % of the population and the opportunities of re-injury is seen every bit high as 78-80 % despite the continued research in this field ( Statistics for ankle sprain ; 2003 ) . The pathomechanics for ankle inversion hurt is inversion and plantar flexure of the ankle articulation. There is loss of dorsiflexion and inversion scope of gesture which is attributed to trouble and swelling ( Denegar CR et Al ; 2002 ) , ( Collins et Al ; 2004 ) .According to Denegar C et Al ( 2002 ) the loss of dorsiflexion scope of gesture is due to limitation of posterior talar semivowel. This suggests that in an acute mortise joint inversion sprain the loss of dorsiflexion scope of gesture could be due to mechanical disfunction in talocrural articulation. The conventional intervention for acute mortise joint sprain is RICE ( remainder, ice, compaction, lift ) .The chief purpose of conventional intervention ( RICE ) is chiefly to cut down hurting and redness ( Starkey JA ; 1976 ) , ( Slatyer MA et Al ; 1997 ) . The conventional intervention ( RICE ) with early motion is found to be more effectual for cut downing hurting, swelling and bettering mobility ( Dettori et al ; 1994 ) . Because of the ineffectualness of conventional intervention for handling the positional disfunction caused due to acute ankle inversion hurt the joint becomes more susceptible to injury ( Hertel J et Al, 1999 ) . Manual Therapy focuses on decrease of hurting and rectification of the postural and motion disfunction due to ankle sprain. Harmonizing to Maitland classs of mobilisation class I and II mobilisation is used in acute status and class II mobilisation is seem effectual in cut downing hurting and bettering dorsiflexion scope of motion in acute musculoskeletal conditions. Maitland classs of mobilisation improves the ankle dorsiflexion in acute ankle inversion sprain ( Green et Al ; 2001 ) and reduces pain by transition of nervous tissue ( Vincenzino B et Al ; 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Maitland GD ( 1986 ) , inactive articulation mobilisation improves the scope of motion by soft oscillating motion of the articular surfaces that creates motion of the nomadic sections by a means other than the musculuss.According to Collins et Al ( 2004 ) , Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique is effectual in cut downing hurting and improves dorsiflexion of ankle articulation. A individual inst ance survey done by O Brien, B.Vincenzino ( 1998 ) showed that Mulligan Mobilization with motion technique on acute mortise joint sprain improved the scope of motion ( dorsiflexion and inversion ) , functional result and reduced the hurting. Harmonizing to pilot survey conducted by John-Mark Chesney, Erin Morris, Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique and tape had important consequence on temporal and spacial parametric quantities of pace. Immediate lessening in hurting and an early return to map are claimed to be consequence of Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion Mulligan 1995 ; Vincenzino Wright 1995 ; Hetherington 1996 ) . However, the deficiency of equal grounds in literature for the effectivity of Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel with motion technique in acute ankle inversion sprain failed to turn out its clinical and statistical significance in research methods. The above literature besides shows deficiency of surveies done to compar e the effects of Maitland and Mulligan mobilisation technique in intervention of acute ankle inversion sprain. Hence, the purpose of the survey is to happen the immediate consequence of Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar mobilisation with motion technique in acute ankle inversion sprain with RICE and compare the consequences with that of Maitland anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel mobilisation with RICE for intervention of acute ankle inversion sprain.REVIEW OF LITERATUREAnkle articulation is a complex articulation due to its articular, ligamentous and sinewy anatomy. The anterior talofibular ligament restricts anterior interlingual rendition and internal rotary motion of talus inside the mortice. The conjugate gesture during plantar flexure happens as internal rotary motion and anterior interlingual rendition of scree aided by deltoid ligament. The calcaneofibular ligament restricts inversion of the talocrural and subtalar articulation. The posterior talofibular ligament restricts inversion and internal rotary motion after calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligam ent undergo hurt. Harmonizing to Konradsen and Voight ( 2002 ) an inversion torsion was produced on lading a cadaverous leg, when the unloaded pes was positioned in 30 degree inversion, full plantar flexure and 10 degree internal tibial rotary motion. The hit with 20 grade upside-down pes in swing stage follow through forced the pes into full bound of inversion, plantar flexure and internal tibial rotary motion. Harmonizing to Denegar CR et Al ( 2002 ) in normal biomechanics the instantaneous axis of rotary motion of talocrural articulation translates posteriorly during dorsiflexion, but in anterior malaligned scree or with restricted posterior talar semivowel the axis of rotary motion is shifted anteriorly taking to joint disfunction. Harmonizing to Baumhauer JF et Al ( 1995 ) old history of sprain, limited scope of gesture and decreased dorsiflexor and plantar flexor strength ratio, elevated eversion to inversion ratio have been attributed to predisposing to inversion hurt. Harmonizing to Eren OT et Al ( 2003 ) high malleolar index ( posteriorly positioned calf bone ) is attributed to predisposing factor to twist. Average malleolar index was +11.5 grade in topics with ankle sprain and +5.85 degree in normal controls. Green T in 2001 used a Modified Lidcombe Template to mensurate the hurting free dorsiflexion scope of gesture happening in talocrural articulation. The templet consisted of 2 boards joined by an adjustable flexible joint. One board served as a footplate and other was placed under the topic ‘s calf. The adjustable flexible joint served as the axis of rotary motion of templet in perpendicular plane and the board placed under the topic ‘s calf allowed for accommodation in horizontal plane. The measuring was standardized by mensurating both force applied and the angle of dorsiflexion at which the topic foremost experienced the hurting ( Matyas T, Bach T ; 1985 ) . The force applied was standardized throughout the trail by spring balance and the way of force was standardized by spirit degree attached to the spring. The device showed high intrarater and interrater dependability of which 29 % were in exact understanding and 84.5 % were within 2 grades, ICC=0.94. The conventional direction of mortise joint sprain is RICE in acute phase of hurt. The functional intervention processs with early induction of weight bearing as tolerated, early mobilisation, proprioceptive preparation, balance preparation has been advocated to supply early functional rehabilitation to topics. Harmonizing to Bahr R ( 2004 ) and Bruce Beynnon B, ( 2004 ) the direction of sprain dressed ores on inactive and dynamic stableness, deriving normal ankle scope of gesture, optimum strength of peroneal, dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, and invertor musculuss of mortise joint and retraining ankle scheme. Harmonizing to Kerkhoffs et Al ( 2002 ) functional intervention is superior to immobilisation and surgical intercession in countries of hurting on activity, quality of public presentation on return to sport/work, objectives instability on x-ray positions and patient satisfaction. Manual therapy in ankle inversion sprain Maitland ‘s Mobilization Green et Al ( 2001 ) conducted a randomized controlled test of inactive accoutrement joint mobilisation on acute ankle inversion sprain. The survey included 38 topics with acute ankle inversion sprain ( & lt ; 72hours ) and were indiscriminately assigned to command group ( RICE ) and experimental group ( anterior-to-posterior mobilisation and RICE ) .Treatment was given every 2days for maximal 2weeks.The intervention technique used in this survey was Maitland ‘s class 3 front tooth to posterior talar semivowel of scree. Consequences showed that dorsiflexion improved earlier in experimental group as compared to the control group. Elizabeth L et Al ( 2008 ) conducted a survey in which 10 topics were taken with immobilized mortise joint for at least 14 yearss and presented with at least 5 grade of dorsiflexion shortage compared to contralateral mortise joint. A crossing over design was employed and topics received Maitland ‘s class 3 mobilisation in one group and control intercession ( no intervention ) in other group. Consequences showed that joint mobilisation led to a decrease in hurting and betterments in unpainful dorsiflexion. Mulligan mobilisation with motion technique Collins et Al ( 2004 ) conducted a double-blinded randomized controlled test with a crossing over design attack. In this survey 14 topics with grade 2 mortise joint sprain were taken. The dorsiflexion in weight-bearing and thermic hurting threshold were calculated. All the topics undergo 3 intervention conditions-Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique for dorsiflexion, placebo group and control group ( no intervention ) .Results showed that the talar anterior-to-posterior semivowel improved the recovery rate in intervention with Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique. The survey conducted by Collins N was done on topics with sub ague mortise joint sprain. T O'Brien, B.Vincenzino ( 1998 ) conducted a individual instance survey to look into the effects of Mulligan ‘s with motion technique mobilisation for acute sidelong mortise joint sprain. The technique used in this survey was posterior semivowel to distal fibular while patient actively inverted the mortise joint. In the survey 2 topics with acute mortise joint sprain were used to command for natural declaration of mortise joint sprain. Capable I underwent ABAC protocol while capable II BABAC protocol where A was no intervention stage B was intervention stage and C was post intervention return to feature stage. The result steps Modified Kaikkonen test functional result, VAS for hurting and scope of dorsiflexion and inversion were measured pre and station of each intercession session. Consequences showed rapid betterment of scope of gesture ( inversion and dorsiflexion ) and immediate lessening in hurting. Therefore from the above surveies we can deduce that anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel technique in both Maitland and Mulligan mobilisation is effectual in handling ankle inversion sprain than the RICE protocol entirely. The above surveies besides infer that Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation is significantly effectual in bettering dorsiflexion scope in acute mortise joint sprain. However, Mulligan ‘s mobilisation had shown effectual consequences in handling mortise joint sprain in subacute status. The survey done by T O'Brien, B.Vincenzino ( 1998 ) shows the effectivity of Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique in bettering dorsiflexion scope of gesture in acute mortise joint sprain but the survey design leads to restriction of generalisation of its findings. However, it does supply the cognition to carry on a random clinical trail in public-service corporation of Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique in the intervention of acute ankle in version sprain and to compare the consequences with Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation to happen the best effectual intervention method for bettering the recovery rate in ague mortise joint inversion sprain.IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL QUESTIONDoes Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel is effectual in bettering dorsiflexion in topics with acute ankle inversion sprain than Maitland ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel mobilisation.ALTERNATE HYPOTHESISMulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel is effectual than Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation in bettering dorsiflexion scope of gesture in topics with acute ankle inversion sprain.NULL HYPOTHESISMulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel is non effectual than Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation in bettering dorsiflexion scope of gesture in topics with acute ankle inversion sprain.MethodologyDesign An Experimental, Comparative, Randomized Controlled Trail design. The survey will be individual blinded to avoid any possible prejudice. The topics will be allocated to 3 group of interventions-Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel with motion technique with RICE, Maitland ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel mobilisation with RICE, and 3rd group RICE entirely.Outcome step will mensurate the grade of dorsiflexion pre and station to each session which will be measured by the assessor blinded to the allotment of topics to the groups. Subjects The survey will be conducted by enrolling 90 samples through convenience sampling by giving advertizements and notices to orthopaedic and physiotherapy section in MS Ramaiah Memorial infirmary and the infirmaries nearby its environing countries. The topics recruited will be diagnosed for acute ankle inversion sprain and referred by radiotherapist through X-Ray imagination. To keep the homogeneousness of the groups all the topics will be recruited based on Inclusion and exclusion standards. Inclusion criteria-All topics of age group 20-30years of age, History of ankle inversion hurt with hurting over sidelong facet of mortise joint ( & lt ; 72hours ) of hurt, shortage of at least 5 grades of dorsiflexion, topics are able to partial weight bear on affected mortise joint, hurting, swelling and tenderness over sidelong facet of mortise joint. Exclusion criteria-Subjects holding ankle break, any history of old surgery or sprain on affected leg, any consumption of anti-inflammatory or anti -coagulants post hurt, subjects with vascular diseases.ETHICAL APPROVALThe ethical blessing will be taken from Ethical Board of MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital along with the permission of other infirmaries near by its milieus. Subjects will be given a transcript of informed consent with the inside informations of the survey and the confidentiality of patient ‘s forces information and information obtained after the survey will be maintained. Subjects can retreat from survey at any given point of clip.VENUE/LOCATION OF THE STUDYThe survey will be conducted in MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital Physiotherapy Department, Bangalore.A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRAIL STUDYAn experimental randomized controlled trail -single blinded survey will be conducted on 90 topics with acute ankle inversion sprain. The technique of the intercessions will be finalized during the survey and side-effects or any mistake in the intercession will be noted and rectified.RESEARCH METHOD AND EXPERIMENTAL INTERVENTION 90 samples will be recruited by convenience sampling. The samples will be assessed for acute ankle inversion sprain by X-Ray imaging done by the radiotherapist in radiology section of MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital. The topics will be indiscriminately assigned to 3 groups by chit method. Each group will be assigned 30 topics. The research worker who will carry on the survey is a qualified physical therapist who specializes in manual therapy. After the allotment of the group the experimental group I will have Mulligan ‘s front tooth to posterior talar semivowel along with active dorsiflexion of mortise joint which will be followed by RICE application. The mobilisation will be performed in weight bearing in which the healer applies a postero-anterior force to distal leg through a intervention belt while stabilising the pes and scree ( Mulligan ; 1999 ) .The experimental group II will have Maitland ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel ( Grade II ) followed by RICE application. The mobilisation will be performed with capable lying supine and the mortise joint will be positioned over the border of pedestal with proximal manus of healer stabilising the distal shinbone and calf bone while the distal manus will mobilise the scree with posteriorly directed osc illation ( Maitland ; 1977 ) .Group III will have RICE intervention for upper limit of 2 hebdomads. Subjects in experimental group I and II will be treated every 2nd twenty-four hours for upper limit of 2 hebdomads. Therefore 6 Sessionss of intervention over 14 yearss will be done. Three sets of 10 repeats will be applied with 1 minute between sets ( Exelby, 1996 ) in both mobilisation technique. Pain experienced during intervention will ensue in immediate surcease of technique and exclusion of the topic from survey.Result MEASURESDorsiflexion scope of gesture will be measured by Modified Lidcombe templet. The templet enabled standardised measuring of dorsiflexion scope of motion. The axis of rotary motion of mortise joint was aligned with adjustable axis of rotary motion of templet. The spring balance attached to the footplate step the force applied in the standardised way. A hydrogoniometer placed on the footplate measures the scope of dorsiflexion in grades. The templet have a hi gh intrarater and interrater dependability of which 29 % were in exact understanding and 84.5 % were within 2 grades, ICC=0.94. Hydrogoniometer have high intraclass coefficients ( 0.84-0.99 ) which revealed high understanding between the raters ( Lex D.De Jong et Al ; 2007 )RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSISThe dorsiflexion scope of motion measured will be in grades which represent a parametric information. The information collected pre and station of each 6 session in group I and group II will be analyzed by related t trial ( i.e. within the group ) and unrelated T trial will be done to compare between the group I and group II for dependent variable. One manner ANOVA will be used for analysis of informations from all the 3 groups along with Scheffe trial to happen the most effectual group for intervention of acute ankle inversion sprain. The degree of significance will be set at 0.5 ; the chance will be calculated based on the T value with grade of freedom tabular array. The assurance inter val will be kept to 95 % .ANNEXUREPROJECT TIMELINEThe overall estimated clip required for the completion of the survey is 8months i.e. 1 month for ethical clearance, 4 months for the randomized controlled trail, informations aggregation and information analysis, 1 month for composing up and showing consequences and 2 months for printing consequences. Undertakings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ethical clearance+Randomized controlled trail & A ; amend informations aggregation tools+Data aggregation+++Datas analysis++Writing up & A ; showing consequences+Printing consequences++BudgetThe overall appraisal of the budget is Rs30, 000 which includes X-RAY imaging – Rs20, 000 ( 90 topics ) Modified Lidcombe Template and hydrogoniometer – Rs5000 Stationary – Rs1000 Transportation system and refreshments – Rs4000INFORMED CONSENTIntroduction This is an informed consent given to a topic who wishes to take part in research survey. Please red the informed consent carefully or you can inquire anyone of your relation who you trust can read this informed consent for you in your linguistic communication by interpreting it. Please experience free to inquire any inquiries you have about this informed consent or research survey in your head. Please sign the consent signifier merely after you have no uncertainties about the research survey or consent signifier. Make non subscribe the consent signifier under any sort of force per unit area. Title of Research Project Immediate effects of Mulligan ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel with motion technique versus Maitland ‘s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel for hurting free dorsiflexion in acute ankle inversion sprain. Research worker SUMIT KIMOTHI M. Sc in Clinical Physiotherapy. Purpose Of Study Acute mortise joint sprain has high per centum re-injury. Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique helps in bettering dorsiflexion scope of gesture by rectification of positional disfunction of articulation. This survey is to happen the consequence of Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique and compare it with effects of Maitland ‘s classs of mobilisation in intervention of acute ankle inversion sprain. Description of Study After being diagnosed with acute ankle inversion sprain you will be sent to the physical therapy section in physical therapy section. The research worker will explicate you about the intervention technique and the survey and an informed consent will be given to you based on your determination your engagement will be decided. If you wish to take part a intervention technique selected for the several group in which you will allocated will be performed on you and the appraisal will be taken earlier and after the intervention session. The continuance of intervention is 2 hebdomads and if there is any alterations, you will be informed prior. Possible Hazards or Complication The intervention technique itself has no side-effects or complication and it will be performed by a qualified physical therapist in Manual Therapy. Treatment Alternative If the therapy is non effectual to you, you will be provided with an alternate intervention with free of cost. Fiscal Deductions All the disbursals sing the research work including the probe, transit, nutrient disbursals and intervention will be free of cost. Potential Benefits The survey may be good to society and persons of similar status. You can profit by bettering you status with aid of this intervention. Engagement Engagement in this research survey is voluntary. If the participant wants to retreat he/she can retreat at any given point of clip.CONSENT FORMI have read the predating information, or it has been read to me. I have had the chance to inquire inquiries about it and any inquiries that I have asked have been answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to take part as a participant in this research and understand that I have the right to retreat from the research at any clip without in any manner impacting my medical attention. Name of the participant _____________________ Signature of participant _____________________ Date: _____________________ Day/month/year ___________________If nonreaderA literate informant must subscribe ( if possible, this individual should be selected by the participant and should hold no connexion to the research squad ) . I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent signifier to the possible participant, and the person has had the chance to inquire inquiries. I confirm that the person has given consent freely. Name of informant ___________________ AND Thumb print of participant Signature of informant ___________________ Date: ______________ Day/month/year ______________ I have accurately read or witnessed the accurate reading of the consent signifier to the possible participant, and the person has had the chance to inquire inquiries. I confirm that the person has given consent freely. Print Name of Researcher _________________ Signature of Researcher ___________________ Date __________ Day/month/year ____________ A transcript of this Informed Consent Form has been provided to participant ____________ ( initialed by the researcher/assistant ) For more information contact: Sumit Kimothi M. Sc in clinical physical therapy, MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, Bangalore. 9916261101ASSESSMENT CHARTName: Age: Sexual activity: Site of Disorder: Mode of Treatment: Measurement: Parameters Before Treatment After Treatment Dorsiflexion scope of gesture Signature of Clinician: Signature of Chief Physiotherapist: